Abstract
Plants employ both direct and indirect defenses to protect themselves from attacks by herbivores and pathogens. To date most aboveground and belowground interaction studies have focused on interactions between plants and leaf-chewing herbivores, while the plant defence on the performance of phloem-feeding insects, induced by above- and belowground interaction, has been less explored. Here, jasmonic acid (JA) was used to mimic herbivore-induced responses in Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra) roots (RJA) and shoots (SJA). The effects of JA-induced plant defenses on the performance of the phloem-feeding whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and its aphelinid parasitoid Encarsia formosa were investigated. The results indicated that SJA induction has a much larger negative effect on B. tabaci than RJA: nymphs develop slower and have a lower survivorship. Also, females live shorter and have a lower fecundity on SJA plants compared to those on RJA and untreated control (CON) plants. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of B. tabaci on SJA plants was 0.089, which was significantly lower than those on CON and RJA plants (0.115 and 0.104, respectively). The parasitoid E. formosa, on the other hand, shows a significantly faster development when parasitizing whitefly hosts feeding on SJA plants, whereas parasitism rate, longevity and fecundity were similar to those on RJA and CON plants. The current study reveals that plants induced with exogenous JA vary in both their resistance to whitefly and suitability for parasitoids, depending on the organ to which the JA was applied. Root and shoot JA applications also have contrasting effects on the phloem-feeding insect B. tabaci and its parasitoid, that is, SJA induction leads to more negative effects on whitefly performance than RJA induction, but its parasitoid performs better on hosts reared on SJA plants. These results show that top-down and bottom-up processes governing herbivore populations on Chinese broccoli are working in concert to increase plant resistance when plants are induced by SJA application. Pflanzen setzen sowohl direkte als auch indirekte Verteidigung ein, um sich gegen die Angriffe von Herbivoren und Pathogenen zu schützen. Bis heute haben sich die meisten Studien zu oberirdischen und unterirdischen Interaktionen auf Interaktionen zwischen Pflanzen und blattfressenden Herbivoren konzentriert, während Interaktionen mit oberirdischen Phloemsaugern weniger oft untersucht wurden. Wir benutzten Jasmonsäure (JA) um von Herbivoren induzierte Reaktionen in den Wurzeln (RJA) und Sprossen (SJA) von Chinesischem Brokkoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra) nachzuahmen. Die Effekte der induzierten pflanzlichen Verteidigung auf die phloemsaugende Mottenschildlaus, Bemisia tabaci, und ihren Parasitoiden, Encarsia formosa (Aphelinidae) wurden untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass SJA einen wesentlich stärkeren negativen Effekt auf B. tabaci hat als RJA: die Nymphen entwickeln sich langsamer und ihre Überlebensrate ist geringer. Auch leben die Weibchen kürzer und haben auf SJA-Pflanzen eine geringere Fekundität als auf RJA-Pflanzen und unbehandelten Kontrollen. Die intrinsische Wachstumsrate (rm) von B. tabaci auf SJA-Pflanzen betrug 0.089 und war damit viel geringer als auf Kontroll- und RJA-Pflanzen (0.115 bzw. 0.104). Der Parasitoid, E. formosa, zeigte dagegen eine signifikant schnellere Entwicklung, wenn er Wirte, die an SJA-Pflanzen saugten, parasitierte, während Parasitierungsrate, Langlebigkeit und Fekundität ähnlich denen auf RJA- und Kontrollpflanzen waren. Unsere Studie zeigte, dass mit exogener JA induzierte Pflanzen sich in ihrer Resistenz gegen die Mottenschildläuse und ihrer Eignung für Parasitoide unterschieden, je nachdem welches Organ mit JA behandelt wurde. Wurzel- und Sprossbehandlung mit JA haben auch unterschiedliche Effekte auf den Phloemsauger B. tabaci und seinen Parasitoiden, d.h., JA-Induzierung am Spross führt zu eher negativen Effekten bei der Mottenschildlaus als JA-Induzierung an den Wurzeln, aber der Parasitoid gedeiht besser in Wirten, die auf sprossinduzierten Pflanzen leben. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass top-down- und bottom-up-Prozesse, die die Herbivorenpopulation auf Chinesischem Brokkoli bestimmen, zusammenwirken, so dass die Resistenz gesteigert wird, wenn die Sprosse der Pflanzen mit JA behandelt werden.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot JA slowed whitefly nymph development more than root JA.
- Taxon
- Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra)
Brassica oleracea var. alboglabrae1 - Treatment
- SJA inductione0
- Interactor
- B. tabaci
Bemisia tabacie0pest - Outcome
- nymphs develope0
- Direction
- slowere0
- Comparator
- RJAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.


Verbatim
e0“SJA induction has a much larger negative effect on B. tabaci than RJA: nymphs develop slower and have a lower survivorship”
e1“Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra)”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot JA reduced whitefly nymph survivorship relative to root JA.
- Taxon
- Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra)
Brassica oleracea var. alboglabrae1 - Treatment
- SJA inductione0
- Interactor
- B. tabaci
Bemisia tabacie0pest - Outcome
- survivorshipe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- RJAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.


Verbatim
e0“SJA induction has a much larger negative effect on B. tabaci than RJA: nymphs develop slower and have a lower survivorship”
e1“Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra)”
Claim · model-written summary
Females lived shorter on shoot JA plants than on root JA or untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra)
Brassica oleracea var. alboglabrat0 - Treatment
- SJA plantse0
- Interactor
- Bemisia tabaci
Bemisia tabacie1pest - Outcome
- females livee0
- Direction
- shortere0
- Comparator
- RJA and untreated control (CON) plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.


Verbatim
e0“females live shorter and have a lower fecundity on SJA plants compared to those on RJA and untreated control (CON) plants”
e1“whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and its”
t0“Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra)”
Claim · model-written summary
Female whitefly fecundity was lower on shoot JA plants than root JA or untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra)
Brassica oleracea var. alboglabrat0 - Treatment
- SJA plantse0
- Interactor
- Bemisia tabaci
Bemisia tabacie1pest - Outcome
- fecunditye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- RJA and untreated control (CON) plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.


Verbatim
e0“females live shorter and have a lower fecundity on SJA plants compared to those on RJA and untreated control (CON) plants”
e1“whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and its”
t0“Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra)”
Claim · model-written summary
Whitefly intrinsic growth rate on shoot JA plants was 0.089, significantly below control at 0.115 and root JA at 0.104.
- Taxon
- Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra)
Brassica oleracea var. alboglabrae1 - Treatment
- SJA plantse0
- Interactor
- B. tabaci
Bemisia tabacie0pest - Outcome
- intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of B. tabacie0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 0.089e0
- Qualifier
- 0.115 and 0.104e0
- Comparator
- CON and RJA plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.


Verbatim
e0“The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of B. tabaci on SJA plants was 0.089, which was significantly lower than those on CON and RJA plants (0.115 and 0.104, respectively)”
e1“Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra)”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid development was significantly faster on whitefly hosts feeding on shoot JA plants.
- Taxon
- Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra)
Brassica oleracea var. alboglabrae1 - Treatment
- SJA plantse0
- Interactor
- E. formosa
Encarsia formosae0other - Second interactor
- Bemisia tabaci
Bemisia tabacie2pest - Outcome
- developmente0
- Direction
- fastere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.



Verbatim
e0“The parasitoid E. formosa, on the other hand, shows a significantly faster development when parasitizing whitefly hosts feeding on SJA plants”
e1“Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra)”
e2“whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and its”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid parasitism rate, longevity and fecundity were similar on shoot JA, root JA and control plants.
- Taxon
- Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra)
Brassica oleracea var. alboglabrae3 - Treatment
- SJA plantse1
- Interactor
- E. formosa
Encarsia formosae2other - Outcome
- parasitism rate, longevity and fecunditye0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- RJA and CON plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.


Verbatim
e0“parasitism rate, longevity and fecundity were similar to those on RJA and CON plants”
e1“whitefly hosts feeding on SJA plants”
e2“The parasitoid E. formosa, on the other hand”
e3“Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra)”