Abstract
Summary Various methods were tested to control the annual grass Rottboellia exaltata L.f. in maize ( Zea mays L.) under small‐farm conditions in Bukidnon Province, Mindanao, Philippines during 1977 and 1978. No single method was satisfactory. Despite adequate early season control, late‐germinating Rottboellia tillered profusely. By harvest, plots had heavy infestations and were carpeted with seed. At harvest, untreated controls averaged 8·6 t Rottboellia dry matter ha −1 and only half the maize yield of handweeded plots. The ‘karase’ spike‐tooth harrow, or 0·2 kg paraquat ha −1 , effectively removed Rottboellia flushes before maize emergence, but these techniques delayed planting, which can intensify downy mildew disease ( Sclerospora sp.). Even though handweeding increased maize yields and decreased Rottboellia dry weights, it is impractical on typical 3‐ to 5‐ha maize farms. Mungbean ( Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. aureus ), intercropped with maize, suppressed Rottboellia initially. Openings caused by mungbean harvest, however, allowed explosive late‐season weed growth in maize. Three herbicide treatments were as effective as handweeding: pendimethalin plus atrazine, either banded over the maize row (followed by cultivation), or broadcast; and pendimethalin followed by 2, 4‐D, both broadcast. In one experiment, low‐cost practices, including weed flush removal, cultivation, or handweeding, provided high net returns, whereas expensive herbicide treatments produced low net returns. Fertilizer, applied without weed control, increased maize yield 62%. Without fertilizer, weed control increased yield 107%. Combining the two raised yield 167%.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
No single weed-control method was satisfactory.
- Outcome
- No single method was satisfactory.e0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No single method was satisfactory.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Late-germinating Rottboellia tillered profusely despite early control.
- Interactor
- Rottboellia
Rottboelliae0weed - Outcome
- late‐germinating Rottboellia tillered profuselye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Despite adequate early season control, late‐germinating Rottboellia tillered profusely.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Plots had heavy Rottboellia infestations and seed by harvest.
- Interactor
- RottboelliaRottboelliat0weed
- Outcome
- heavy infestations and were carpeted with seede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By harvest, plots had heavy infestations and were carpeted with seed.”
t0“Rottboellia exaltata L.f. in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated controls had 8·6 t Rottboellia dry matter ha −1.
- Interactor
- RottboelliaRottboelliae0weed
- Outcome
- Rottboellia dry mattere0
- Value
- 8·6 t Rottboellia dry matter ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“untreated controls averaged 8·6 t Rottboellia dry matter ha −1”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated maize yielded half as much as handweeded plots.
- Treatment
- untreated controlse0
- Outcome
- maize yielde0
- Direction
- halfe0
- Value
- halfe0
- Comparator
- handweeded plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“untreated controls averaged 8·6 t Rottboellia dry matter ha −1 and only half the maize yield of handweeded plots”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Karase harrowing effectively removed pre-emergence weed flushes.
- Treatment
- ‘karase’ spike‐tooth harrowe0
- Interactor
- RottboelliaRottboelliae0weed
- Outcome
- Rottboellia flushese0
- Direction
- removede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ‘karase’ spike‐tooth harrow, or 0·2 kg paraquat ha −1 , effectively removed Rottboellia flushes before maize emergence”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat effectively removed pre-emergence weed flushes.
- Treatment
- 0·2 kg paraquat ha −1e0
- Interactor
- RottboelliaRottboelliae0weed
- Outcome
- Rottboellia flushese0
- Direction
- removede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ‘karase’ spike‐tooth harrow, or 0·2 kg paraquat ha −1 , effectively removed Rottboellia flushes before maize emergence”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence techniques delayed planting and could intensify downy mildew.
- Interactor
- Sclerospora sp.Sclerosporae0pathogen
- Outcome
- delayed plantinge0
- Qualifier
- can intensify downy mildew diseasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but these techniques delayed planting, which can intensify downy mildew disease ( Sclerospora sp.).”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Handweeding increased maize yield and decreased weed dry weight.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“handweeding increased maize yields and decreased Rottboellia dry weights”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Handweeding decreased Rottboellia dry weight.
- Treatment
- handweedinge0
- Interactor
- RottboelliaRottboelliae0weed
- Outcome
- Rottboellia dry weightse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“handweeding increased maize yields and decreased Rottboellia dry weights”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Mungbean intercropping initially suppressed Rottboellia.
- Treatment
- Mungbean ( Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. aureus ), intercropped with maizee0
- Interactor
- RottboelliaRottboelliae0weed
- Second interactor
- Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. aureus
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatae0other - Outcome
- Rottboelliae0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Mungbean ( Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. aureus ), intercropped with maize, suppressed Rottboellia initially.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mungbean harvest openings allowed explosive late-season weed growth.
- Interactor
- mungbeanVigna radiatae0other
- Outcome
- explosive late‐season weed growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Openings caused by mungbean harvest, however, allowed explosive late‐season weed growth in maize.”
Claim · model-written summary
Banded pendimethalin plus atrazine followed by cultivation was as effective as handweeding.
- Treatment
- pendimethalin plus atrazine, either banded over the maize row (followed by cultivation)e0
- Outcome
- as effectivee0
- Direction
- as effectivee0
- Comparator
- handweedinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three herbicide treatments were as effective as handweeding: pendimethalin plus atrazine, either banded over the maize row (followed by cultivation)”
Claim · model-written summary
Broadcast pendimethalin plus atrazine was as effective as handweeding.
- Treatment
- pendimethalin plus atrazinee0
- Outcome
- as effectivee0
- Direction
- as effectivee0
- Qualifier
- broadcaste0
- Comparator
- handweedinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three herbicide treatments were as effective as handweeding: pendimethalin plus atrazine, either banded over the maize row (followed by cultivation), or broadcast”
Claim · model-written summary
Broadcast pendimethalin followed by 2, 4-D was as effective as handweeding.
- Treatment
- pendimethalin followed by 2, 4‐De0
- Outcome
- as effectivee0
- Direction
- as effectivee0
- Qualifier
- broadcaste0
- Comparator
- handweedinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three herbicide treatments were as effective as handweeding: pendimethalin plus atrazine, either banded over the maize row (followed by cultivation), or broadcast; and pendimethalin followed by 2, 4‐D, both broadcast.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-cost weed practices gave high net returns while costly herbicides gave low returns.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low‐cost practices, including weed flush removal, cultivation, or handweeding, provided high net returns, whereas expensive herbicide treatments produced low net returns.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer without weed control increased maize yield 62%.
- Treatment
- Fertilizer, applied without weed controle0
- Outcome
- maize yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 62%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fertilizer, applied without weed control, increased maize yield 62%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed control without fertilizer increased yield 107%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Without fertilizer, weed control increased yield 107%.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining fertilizer and weed control increased yield 167%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combining the two raised yield 167%.”
t0“maize”
The same questions in other papers
herbicide · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
499 papers in the same direction as this paper · 127 in the opposite direction · 24 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- negative
647 papers more in this group
See all 651 papers →fertilization · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
3,484 papers in the same direction as this paper · 338 in the opposite direction · 85 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- negative
3,904 papers more in this group
See all 3,908 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.