Abstract
In Australia, pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) is affected by a foliar disease complex that can substantially reduce green leaf area and yield. Historically, the most important foliar disease of pyrethrum in Australia has been ray blight, caused by Stagonosporopsis tanaceti, and other fungi generally of minor importance. Temporal fluctuations in the frequency of fungi associated with foliar disease were quantified in each of 83 fields in northern Tasmania, Australia, during 2012 and 2013. Sampling was conducted throughout winter (April to July), spring (August to September), and summer (November) representing different phenological stages. Microsphaeropsis tanaceti, the cause of tan spot, was the pathogen most prevalent and isolated at the highest frequency, irrespective of sampling period. The next most common species was S. tanaceti, whose isolation frequency was low in winter and increased in spring and summer. Known pathogens of pyrethrum, Alternaria tenuissima, Colletotrichum tanaceti, and Stemphylium botryosum were recovered sporadically and at low frequency. Two species of potential importance, Paraphoma chrysanthemicola and Itersonilia perplexans, were also found at low frequency. This finding suggests a substantial shift in the dominant pathogen associated with foliar disease, from S. tanaceti to M. tanaceti, and coincides with an increase in defoliation severity in winter, and control failures of the spring fungicide program. Factors associated with this finding were also investigated. Sensitivity of M. tanaceti and S. tanaceti populations to the fungicides boscalid and cyprodinil collected prior to and following disease control failures in the field were tested under in vitro conditions. A high proportion (60%) of the M. tanaceti isolates obtained from fields in which no response to the spring fungicide program was found were insensitive to 50 µg a.i./ml boscalid. This represented a 4.2-fold increase in the frequency of this phenotype within the M. tanaceti population over 2 years. No shifts in sensitivities to cyprodinil of M. tanaceti and S. tanaceti, or S. tanaceti to boscalid, were observed. Considering the increase in defoliation severity over winter, the benefits of applying fungicides in autumn, in addition to the commercial standard (spring only), were quantified in 14 individual field trials conducted in 2011 and 2012. Mixed-model analysis suggested fungicide application in autumn may improve pyrethrum growth during late winter and early spring, although effects on defoliation and yield were minimal. The increasing prevalence and isolation frequency of M. tanaceti and boscalid resistance within the population is of concern and highlights the urgent need for adoption of nonchemical methods for disease management in Australian pyrethrum fields.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Microsphaeropsis tanaceti was the most frequent foliar pathogen.
- Taxon
- pyrethrum
Tanacetum cinerariifoliumt0 - Interactor
- Microsphaeropsis tanacetiDidymella tanacetie0pathogen
- Outcome
- Microsphaeropsis tanacetie0
- Direction
- most prevalente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microsphaeropsis tanaceti, the cause of tan spot, was the pathogen most prevalent and isolated at the highest frequency, irrespective of sampling period”
t0“Pyrethrum”
Claim · model-written summary
Stagonosporopsis tanaceti was next most common and increased after winter.
- Taxon
- pyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliumt0
- Interactor
- S. tanacetiStagonosporopsis tanacetie0pathogen
- Outcome
- isolation frequencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The next most common species was S. tanaceti, whose isolation frequency was low in winter and increased in spring and summer”
t0“Pyrethrum”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria tenuissima was recovered sporadically at low frequency.
- Taxon
- pyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliume0
- Interactor
- Alternaria tenuissimaAlternaria tenuissimae0pathogen
- Outcome
- recovered sporadically and at low frequencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Known pathogens of pyrethrum, Alternaria tenuissima, Colletotrichum tanaceti, and Stemphylium botryosum were recovered sporadically and at low frequency”
Claim · model-written summary
Colletotrichum tanaceti was recovered sporadically at low frequency.
- Taxon
- pyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliume0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum tanacetiColletotrichum tanacetie0pathogen
- Outcome
- recovered sporadically and at low frequencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Known pathogens of pyrethrum, Alternaria tenuissima, Colletotrichum tanaceti, and Stemphylium botryosum were recovered sporadically and at low frequency”
Claim · model-written summary
Stemphylium botryosum was recovered sporadically at low frequency.
- Taxon
- pyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliume0
- Interactor
- Stemphylium botryosum
Stemphylium botryosume0pathogen - Outcome
- recovered sporadically and at low frequencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Known pathogens of pyrethrum, Alternaria tenuissima, Colletotrichum tanaceti, and Stemphylium botryosum were recovered sporadically and at low frequency”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraphoma chrysanthemicola was found at low frequency.
- Taxon
- PyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliumt0
- Interactor
- Paraphoma chrysanthemicolaParaphoma chrysanthemicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- found at low frequencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Paraphoma chrysanthemicola and Itersonilia perplexans, were also found at low frequency”
t0“Pyrethrum”
Claim · model-written summary
Itersonilia perplexans was found at low frequency.
- Taxon
- PyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliumt0
- Interactor
- Itersonilia perplexans
Itersonilia perplexanse0pathogen - Outcome
- found at low frequencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Paraphoma chrysanthemicola and Itersonilia perplexans, were also found at low frequency”
t0“Pyrethrum”
Claim · model-written summary
Dominance shifted from S. tanaceti to M. tanaceti.
- Taxon
- PyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliumt0
- Interactor
- M. tanacetiDidymella tanacetie0pathogen
- Outcome
- dominant pathogen associated with foliar diseasee0
- Comparator
- S. tanacetie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a substantial shift in the dominant pathogen associated with foliar disease, from S. tanaceti to M. tanaceti”
t0“Pyrethrum”
Claim · model-written summary
The pathogen shift coincided with worse winter defoliation and spring fungicide failures.
- Taxon
- PyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliumt0
- Treatment
- spring fungicide programe0
- Outcome
- defoliation severity in wintere0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“coincides with an increase in defoliation severity in winter, and control failures of the spring fungicide program”
t0“Pyrethrum”
Claim · model-written summary
Sixty percent of M. tanaceti isolates from nonresponsive fields resisted boscalid.
- Taxon
- PyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliumt0
- Treatment
- 50 µg a.i./ml boscalide0
- Interactor
- M. tanacetiDidymella tanacetie0pathogen
- Outcome
- M. tanaceti isolatese0
- Value
- 60%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A high proportion (60%) of the M. tanaceti isolates obtained from fields in which no response to the spring fungicide program was found were insensitive to 50 µg a.i./ml boscalid”
t0“Pyrethrum”
Claim · model-written summary
Boscalid insensitivity frequency increased 4.2 fold over two years.
- Taxon
- PyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliumt0
- Interactor
- M. tanacetiDidymella tanacetie0pathogen
- Outcome
- frequency of this phenotype within the M. tanaceti populatione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 4.2-folde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This represented a 4.2-fold increase in the frequency of this phenotype within the M. tanaceti population over 2 years”
t0“Pyrethrum”
Claim · model-written summary
Sensitivity to cyprodinil did not shift in M. tanaceti.
- Taxon
- PyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliumt0
- Interactor
- M. tanacetiDidymella tanacetie0pathogen
- Outcome
- sensitivities to cyprodinile0
- Direction
- No shiftse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No shifts in sensitivities to cyprodinil of M. tanaceti and S. tanaceti, or S. tanaceti to boscalid, were observed”
t0“Pyrethrum”
Claim · model-written summary
Sensitivity to cyprodinil did not shift in S. tanaceti.
- Taxon
- PyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliumt0
- Interactor
- S. tanacetiStagonosporopsis tanacetie0pathogen
- Outcome
- sensitivities to cyprodinile0
- Direction
- No shiftse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No shifts in sensitivities to cyprodinil of M. tanaceti and S. tanaceti, or S. tanaceti to boscalid, were observed”
t0“Pyrethrum”
Claim · model-written summary
Sensitivity to boscalid did not shift in S. tanaceti.
- Taxon
- PyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliumt0
- Interactor
- S. tanacetiStagonosporopsis tanacetie0pathogen
- Outcome
- S. tanaceti to boscalide0
- Direction
- No shiftse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No shifts in sensitivities to cyprodinil of M. tanaceti and S. tanaceti, or S. tanaceti to boscalid, were observed”
t0“Pyrethrum”
Claim · model-written summary
Autumn fungicide may improve pyrethrum growth in late winter and early spring.
- Taxon
- pyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliume0
- Treatment
- fungicide application in autumne0
- Outcome
- pyrethrum growthe0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungicide application in autumn may improve pyrethrum growth during late winter and early spring”
Claim · model-written summary
Autumn fungicide had minimal effects on defoliation and yield.
- Taxon
- PyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliumt0
- Treatment
- fungicide application in autumne1
- Outcome
- defoliation and yielde0
- Direction
- minimale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“although effects on defoliation and yield were minimal”
t0“Pyrethrum”
e1“fungicide application in autumn may improve pyrethrum growth during late winter and early spring”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors urge nonchemical disease management in pyrethrum fields.
- Taxon
- pyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliume0
- Outcome
- adoption of nonchemical methods for disease managemente0
- Setting
- Australian pyrethrum fieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“urgent need for adoption of nonchemical methods for disease management in Australian pyrethrum fields”
The same questions in other papers
fungicide · growth · Tanacetum cinerariifolium (pyrethrum)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.