Abstract
ABSTRACT The colonization of dead onion leaves by Botrytis aclada and the fungal antagonists Aureobasidium pullulans, Chaetomium globosum, Glio-cladium catenulatum, and Ulocladium atrum and the interactions between B. aclada and each of the four antagonists were studied at the microscopic and ultrastructural level. This approach was used in an attempt to understand the colonization pattern of these fungi and the nature of the biocontrol activity of the antagonists that have shown a potential to suppress spore production of Botrytis spp. on necrotic plant tissues. When applied alone, B. aclada and U. atrum were found throughout the leaf tissues in high densities after an incubation period of 6 days at 18 degrees C in a moist chamber. C. globosum and G. catenulatum colonized only the outer portions of the leaf, whereas A. pullulans appeared to be concentrated in the leaf stomata. When pathogen and antagonists were applied together, ultrastructural observations revealed that cells of B. aclada were plasmolyzed in the presence of G. catenulatum, suggesting a reaction to antifungal molecules. Antibiosis also seemed to be involved, albeit to a lesser extent, in the antagonistic interactions between B. aclada and A. pullulans or C. globosum. No evidence of direct parasitism was recorded. On the other hand, U. atrum appeared to completely exclude B. aclada from dead onion tissues when both fungi competed for the substrate. Ultrastructural observations of the in vitro interaction between the two fungi did not reveal parasitism or antibiosis by either fungus. Based on previous records of its biocontrol potential and observations of its colonizing properties, it appears that U. atrum can compete for and utilize necrotic tissues rapidly and extensively, thus, excluding competitors without any other antagonistic action.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Ulocladium atrum completely excluded B. aclada from dead onion tissues when both competed for the substrate
- Taxon
- Dead Onion Leavest0
- Interactor
- B. aclada
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Botrytis acladae1pathogen - Second interactor
- U. atrumAlternaria atrae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- exclude B. aclada from dead onion tissuese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“U. atrum appeared to completely exclude B. aclada from dead onion tissues when both fungi competed for the substrate”
t0“Dead Onion Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Cells of B. aclada were plasmolyzed in the presence of Gliocladium catenulatum
- Taxon
- Dead Onion Leavest0
- Interactor
- B. acladaBotrytis acladae2pathogen
- Second interactor
- G. catenulatume2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- cells of B. aclada were plasmolyzede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“cells of B. aclada were plasmolyzed in the presence of G. catenulatum”
t0“Dead Onion Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Plasmolysis of B. aclada cells suggests a reaction to antifungal molecules
- Taxon
- Dead Onion Leavest0
- Interactor
- B. acladaBotrytis acladae2pathogen
- Outcome
- cells of B. aclada were plasmolyzede2
- Qualifier
- a reaction to antifungal moleculese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“cells of B. aclada were plasmolyzed in the presence of G. catenulatum”
e3“suggesting a reaction to antifungal molecules”
t0“Dead Onion Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Antibiosis seemed to be involved, to a lesser extent, in B. aclada interaction with Aureobasidium pullulans
- Taxon
- Dead Onion Leavest0
- Interactor
- B. acladaBotrytis acladae4pathogen
- Second interactor
- A. pullulans
Aureobasidium pullulanse4biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- Antibiosise4
- Direction
- involvede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Antibiosis also seemed to be involved, albeit to a lesser extent, in the antagonistic interactions between B. aclada and A. pullulans or C. globosum”
t0“Dead Onion Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Antibiosis seemed to be involved, to a lesser extent, in B. aclada interaction with Chaetomium globosum
- Taxon
- Dead Onion Leavest0
- Interactor
- B. acladaBotrytis acladae4pathogen
- Second interactor
- C. globosum
Chaetomium globosume4biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- Antibiosise4
- Direction
- involvede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Antibiosis also seemed to be involved, albeit to a lesser extent, in the antagonistic interactions between B. aclada and A. pullulans or C. globosum”
t0“Dead Onion Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
No direct parasitism of B. aclada was recorded
Verbatim
e5“No evidence of direct parasitism was recorded”
t0“Dead Onion Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied alone, B. aclada was found throughout the leaf tissues in high densities
- Taxon
- Dead Onion Leavest0
- Organ / stage
- leaf tissuese6
- Treatment
- When applied alonee6
- Interactor
- B. acladaBotrytis acladae6pathogen
- Outcome
- found throughout the leaf tissues in high densitiese6
- Setting
- moist chambere6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“When applied alone, B. aclada and U. atrum were found throughout the leaf tissues in high densities after an incubation period of 6 days at 18 degrees C in a moist chamber”
t0“Dead Onion Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied alone, U. atrum was found throughout the leaf tissues in high densities
Verbatim
e6“When applied alone, B. aclada and U. atrum were found throughout the leaf tissues in high densities after an incubation period of 6 days at 18 degrees C in a moist chamber”
t0“Dead Onion Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Chaetomium globosum colonized only the outer portions of the leaf
- Taxon
- Dead Onion Leavest0
- Organ / stage
- outer portions of the leafe7
- Interactor
- C. globosumChaetomium globosume7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- colonized only the outer portions of the leafe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“C. globosum and G. catenulatum colonized only the outer portions of the leaf”
t0“Dead Onion Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Gliocladium catenulatum colonized only the outer portions of the leaf
Verbatim
e7“C. globosum and G. catenulatum colonized only the outer portions of the leaf”
t0“Dead Onion Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Aureobasidium pullulans was concentrated in the leaf stomata
- Taxon
- Dead Onion Leavest0
- Organ / stage
- leaf stomatae4
- Interactor
- A. pullulansAureobasidium pullulanse4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- concentrated in the leaf stomatae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“A. pullulans appeared to be concentrated in the leaf stomata”
t0“Dead Onion Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro interaction between the two fungi showed no parasitism or antibiosis
Verbatim
e4“Ultrastructural observations of the in vitro interaction between the two fungi did not reveal parasitism or antibiosis by either fungus”
t0“Dead Onion Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Ulocladium atrum can compete for and utilize necrotic tissues rapidly and extensively
- Taxon
- Dead Onion Leavest0
- Interactor
- U. atrumAlternaria atrae4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- compete for and utilize necrotic tissues rapidly and extensivelye4
Verbatim
e4“U. atrum can compete for and utilize necrotic tissues rapidly and extensively”
t0“Dead Onion Leaves”