Abstract
Blueberry scorch virus, a commercially important Carlavirus in highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L., is vectored by aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae). We surveyed the aphids, primary parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae, Braconidae), and associated secondary parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Charipidae, Megaspilidae, Pteromalidae) on highbush blueberry and other Vaccinium in the Pacific Northwest from 1995 to 2006, with samples concentrated in 2005 and 2006, to lay the groundwork for augmentative biological control. Ericaphis fimbriata (Richards) was the principal aphid. The dominant parasitoid species were Praon unicum Smith, Aphidius n. sp., A. sp., and Aphidius ervi Haliday. Their frequency in relation to the other primary parasitoids varied significantly with geographical area; P. unicum dominated the frequency distribution in southwestern British Columbia, A. n. sp., west of the Cascades, and A. sp. and A. ervi east of the Cascades. Among the secondary parasitoids, pteromalids dominated, and their frequency in relation to the other secondary parasitoids was lowest in southwestern British Columbia. The parasitization rate for P. unicum and A. n. sp. in southwestern British Columbia increased from May or June to a maximum of 0.080 +/- 0.024 and 0.090 +/- 0.084 (SD), respectively, in late July or early August. P. unicum emerged in the spring 4 wk before A. n. sp. The parasitization rate for P. unicum was lower in conventional than organic fields. Whereas aphid density increased monotonically, P. unicum had two spring peaks. A simulation model showed that these peaks could reflect discrete generations. Releases of insectary-reared P. unicum at 150 or 450 DD above 5.6 degrees C, summing from 1 January, may effectively augment the natural spring populations by creating overlapping generations.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Ericaphis fimbriata was the principal aphid on blueberry.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberry
Vaccinium corymbosumt0 - Interactor
- Ericaphis fimbriataEricaphis fimbriatae0pest
- Outcome
- principal aphide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ericaphis fimbriata (Richards) was the principal aphid.”
t0“highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Four primary parasitoid species dominated the blueberry survey.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Interactor
- Praon unicum SmithPraon unicume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- dominant parasitoid speciese0
- Qualifier
- Aphidius n. sp., A. sp., and Aphidius ervi Halidaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The dominant parasitoid species were Praon unicum Smith, Aphidius n. sp., A. sp., and Aphidius ervi Haliday.”
t0“highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Primary parasitoid frequencies varied significantly by geographical area.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Outcome
- frequency in relation to the other primary parasitoidse0
- Setting
- geographical areae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Their frequency in relation to the other primary parasitoids varied significantly with geographical area”
t0“highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Praon unicum dominated in southwestern British Columbia.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Interactor
- P. unicumPraon unicume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- dominated the frequency distributione0
- Setting
- southwestern British Columbiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. unicum dominated the frequency distribution in southwestern British Columbia”
t0“highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphidius n. sp. dominated west of the Cascades.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Interactor
- A. n. sp.e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- west of the Cascadese0
- Setting
- west of the Cascadese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. n. sp., west of the Cascades”
t0“highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
A. sp. and A. ervi dominated east of the Cascades.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Interactor
- A. sp.e0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- A. ervi
Aphidius ervie0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- east of the Cascadese0
- Setting
- east of the Cascadese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. sp. and A. ervi east of the Cascades”
t0“highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pteromalids dominated secondary parasitoids.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Interactor
- pteromalidse0other
- Outcome
- pteromalids dominatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the secondary parasitoids, pteromalids dominated”
t0“highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Secondary pteromalid frequency was lowest in southwestern British Columbia.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Outcome
- frequency in relation to the other secondary parasitoidse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Setting
- southwestern British Columbiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their frequency in relation to the other secondary parasitoids was lowest in southwestern British Columbia”
t0“highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Praon unicum parasitization rose to 0.080 +/- 0.024 in late July or early August.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Interactor
- P. unicumPraon unicume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- parasitization rate for P. unicume0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.080 +/- 0.024e0
- Setting
- southwestern British Columbiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The parasitization rate for P. unicum and A. n. sp. in southwestern British Columbia increased from May or June to a maximum of 0.080 +/- 0.024 and 0.090 +/- 0.084 (SD), respectively, in late July or early August.”
t0“highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
A. n. sp. parasitization rose to 0.090 +/- 0.084 in late July or early August.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Interactor
- A. n. sp.e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- parasitization rate for P. unicum and A. n. sp.e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.090 +/- 0.084e0
- Setting
- southwestern British Columbiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The parasitization rate for P. unicum and A. n. sp. in southwestern British Columbia increased from May or June to a maximum of 0.080 +/- 0.024 and 0.090 +/- 0.084 (SD), respectively, in late July or early August.”
t0“highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Praon unicum emerged four weeks before A. n. sp.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Interactor
- P. unicumPraon unicume0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- A. n. sp.e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- emerged in the springe0
- Value
- 4 wke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. unicum emerged in the spring 4 wk before A. n. sp.”
t0“highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Praon unicum parasitization was lower in conventional than organic fields.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Interactor
- P. unicumPraon unicume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- parasitization rate for P. unicume0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- organic fieldse0
- Setting
- conventionale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The parasitization rate for P. unicum was lower in conventional than organic fields.”
t0“highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphid density increased monotonically.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Interactor
- aphide0pest
- Outcome
- aphid densitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“aphid density increased monotonically”
t0“highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Praon unicum had two spring peaks.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Interactor
- P. unicumPraon unicume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- two spring peakse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. unicum had two spring peaks”
t0“highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulation indicated that discrete generations could explain the spring peaks.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Outcome
- these peakse0
- Qualifier
- discrete generationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A simulation model showed that these peaks could reflect discrete generations.”
t0“highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest releasing P. unicum at 150 or 450 DD to augment spring populations.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Interactor
- P. unicumPraon unicume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- augment the natural spring populationse0
- Value
- 150 or 450 DDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Releases of insectary-reared P. unicum at 150 or 450 DD above 5.6 degrees C, summing from 1 January, may effectively augment the natural spring populations by creating overlapping generations.”
t0“highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.”