Abstract
The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), is a vector of the phloem-limited bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso), the putative causal agent of zebra chip disease of potato. Little is known about how potato psyllid transmits Lso to potato. We used electrical penetration graph (EPG) technology to compare stylet probing behaviors and efficiency of Lso transmission of three haplotypes of potato psyllid (Central, Western, Northwestern). All haplotypes exhibited the full suite of stylet behaviors identified in previous studies with this psyllid, including intercellular penetration and secretion of the stylet pathway, xylem ingestion, and phloem activities, the latter comprising salivation and ingestion. The three haplotypes exhibited similar frequency and duration of probing behaviors, with the exception of salivation into phloem, which was of higher duration by psyllids of the Western haplotype. We manipulated how long psyllids were allowed access to potato ("inoculation access period", or IAP) to examine the relationship between phloem activities and Lso transmission. Between 25 and 30% of psyllids reached and salivated into phloem at an IAP of 1 hr, increasing to almost 80% of psyllids as IAP was increased to 24 h. Probability of Lso-transmission was lower across all IAP levels than probability of phloem salivation, indicating that a percentage of infected psyllids which salivated into the phloem failed to transmit Lso. Logistic regression showed that probability of transmission increased as a function of time spent salivating into the phloem; transmission occurred as quickly as 5 min following onset of salivation. A small percentage of infected psyllids showed extremely long salivation events but nonetheless failed to transmit Lso, for unknown reasons. Information from these studies increases our understanding of Lso transmission by potato psyllid, and demonstrates the value of EPG technology in exploring questions of vector efficiency.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
All potato psyllid haplotypes exhibited the full suite of stylet behaviors.
- Taxon
- Potato
Solanum tuberosumt0 - Interactor
- psyllide0pest
- Outcome
- full suite of stylet behaviorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All haplotypes exhibited the full suite of stylet behaviors identified in previous studies with this psyllid, including intercellular penetration and secretion of the stylet pathway, xylem ingestion, and phloem activities, the latter comprising salivation and ingestion.”
t0“to Potato by Three Haplotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
The three potato psyllid haplotypes had similar probing frequency and duration.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- psyllidsPsylloideae0pest
- Outcome
- similar frequency and duration of probing behaviorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The three haplotypes exhibited similar frequency and duration of probing behaviors, with the exception of salivation into phloem, which was of higher duration by psyllids of the Western haplotype.”
t0“to Potato by Three Haplotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Western haplotype psyllids salivated longer into potato phloem.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Western haplotypee0
- Interactor
- psyllidsPsylloideae0pest
- Outcome
- duratione0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salivation into phloem, which was of higher duration by psyllids of the Western haplotype”
t0“to Potato by Three Haplotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
At one hour, 25 to 30% of psyllids reached and salivated into potato phloem.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- psyllidsPsylloideae0pest
- Outcome
- psyllids reached and salivated into phloeme0
- Value
- Between 25 and 30%e0
- Qualifier
- IAP of 1 hre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Between 25 and 30% of psyllids reached and salivated into phloem at an IAP of 1 hr”
t0“to Potato by Three Haplotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
At 24 hours, almost 80% of psyllids reached and salivated into potato phloem.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- psyllidsPsylloideae0pest
- Outcome
- psyllidse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- almost 80%e0
- Qualifier
- IAP was increased to 24 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing to almost 80% of psyllids as IAP was increased to 24 h”
t0“to Potato by Three Haplotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Transmission probability was lower than phloem salivation probability across all access periods.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- Lsoe0pathogen
- Outcome
- Probability of Lso-transmissione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- probability of phloem salivatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Probability of Lso-transmission was lower across all IAP levels than probability of phloem salivation”
t0“to Potato by Three Haplotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Transmission probability increased with time spent salivating into potato phloem.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Organ / stage
- phloeme0
- Interactor
- Potato Psyllid
Bactericera cockerellit1pest - Outcome
- probability of transmissione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“probability of transmission increased as a function of time spent salivating into the phloem”
t0“to Potato by Three Haplotypes”
t1“Potato Psyllid”
Claim · model-written summary
Transmission occurred within five minutes after salivation began.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- Potato PsyllidBactericera cockerellit1pest
- Outcome
- transmission occurrede0
- Value
- 5 mine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transmission occurred as quickly as 5 min following onset of salivation”
t0“to Potato by Three Haplotypes”
t1“Potato Psyllid”
Claim · model-written summary
Some infected psyllids with very long salivation events failed to transmit Lso.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- Lsoe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- psyllidsPsylloideae0pest
- Outcome
- failed to transmit Lsoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A small percentage of infected psyllids showed extremely long salivation events but nonetheless failed to transmit Lso”
t0“to Potato by Three Haplotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
EPG technology was valuable for examining vector efficiency.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Outcome
- value of EPG technology in exploring questions of vector efficiencye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“demonstrates the value of EPG technology in exploring questions of vector efficiency”
t0“to Potato by Three Haplotypes”