Abstract
Insecticides are the most commonly used tactic to control western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on greenhouse cucumber. However, WFT has developed resistance to several of the insecticides presently in use. In addition, some of these insecticides adversely affect greenhouse biological control agents used to control WFT, resulting in subsequent pest resurgence. Therefore, there is a need to identify novel insecticides with unique modes of action for use in integrated pest management (IPM) programs to effectively control WFT with minimal impact on associated biological control agents. In laboratory bioassays conducted in 2001, immature and adult WFT and three associated greenhouse biological control agents: Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans (Acarina: Phytoseiidae), Orius insidiosus Say (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were exposed to direct, direct/residual, and residual contact applications of the novel biopesticide, spinosad (Conserve 120 SC), and the industry standard for whitefly control, endosulfan (Thiodan 50 WP). In all three types of assay, spinosad was effective against immature and adult WFT life stages. It showed low toxicity to A. cucumeris, moderate toxicity to O. insidiosus and high toxicity to E formosa. Greenhouse studies involving exposure of immature and adult WFT and adult biological control agents to cucumber leaves sprayed previously with spinosad supported the laboratory data. Spinosad showed low toxicity to A. cucumeris exposed to leaves 1 day after treatment (DAT), moderate toxicity to O. insidiosus 1 and 8 DAT, and high toxicity to E. formosa up to 28 DAT. These data, along with spinosad's unique mode of action, suggest it would be a valuable reduced-risk control agent for greenhouse cucumber IPM programs.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad controlled immature and adult western flower thrips in three assay types.
Verbatim
e0“In all three types of assay, spinosad was effective against immature and adult WFT life stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad had low toxicity to A. cucumeris.
- Taxon
- A. cucumeris
Neoseiulus cucumerise0 - Outcome
- low toxicity to A. cucumerise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It showed low toxicity to A. cucumeris, moderate toxicity to O. insidiosus and high toxicity to E formosa”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad had moderate toxicity to O. insidiosus.
- Taxon
- O. insidiosus
.jpg?width=60)
Orius insidiosuse0 - Outcome
- moderate toxicity to O. insidiosuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“It showed low toxicity to A. cucumeris, moderate toxicity to O. insidiosus and high toxicity to E formosa”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad had high toxicity to E. formosa.
- Taxon
- E formosa
Encarsia formosae0 - Outcome
- high toxicity to E formosae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It showed low toxicity to A. cucumeris, moderate toxicity to O. insidiosus and high toxicity to E formosa”
Claim · model-written summary
On treated cucumber leaves, toxicity to A. cucumeris was low at one day.
- Taxon
- A. cucumerisNeoseiulus cucumerise0
- Outcome
- low toxicity to A. cucumerise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spinosad showed low toxicity to A. cucumeris exposed to leaves 1 day after treatment (DAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
On treated leaves, toxicity to O. insidiosus was moderate at one and eight days.
- Taxon
- O. insidiosusOrius insidiosuse0
- Outcome
- moderate toxicity to O. insidiosuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate toxicity to O. insidiosus 1 and 8 DAT”
Claim · model-written summary
On treated leaves, toxicity to E. formosa remained high through 28 days.
- Taxon
- E. formosaEncarsia formosae0
- Outcome
- high toxicity to E. formosae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high toxicity to E. formosa up to 28 DAT”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest spinosad as a reduced risk agent for cucumber IPM.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativuse0 - Outcome
- valuable reduced-risk control agente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it would be a valuable reduced-risk control agent for greenhouse cucumber IPM programs”