Abstract
Fresh vegetables have been recurrently associated with salmonellosis outbreaks, and Salmonella contamination of retail produce has been correlated positively with the presence of soft rot disease. We observed that population sizes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 increased 56-fold when inoculated alone onto cilantro leaves, versus 2,884-fold when coinoculated with Dickeya dadantii, a prevalent pathogen that macerates plant tissue. A similar trend in S. enterica populations was observed for soft-rotted lettuce leaves. Transcriptome analysis of S. enterica cells that colonized D. dadantii-infected lettuce and cilantro leaves revealed a clear shift toward anaerobic metabolism and catabolism of substrates that are available due to the degradation of plant cells by the pectinolytic pathogen. Twenty-nine percent of the genes that were upregulated in cilantro macerates were also previously observed to have increased expression levels in the chicken intestine. Furthermore, multiple genes induced in soft rot lesions are also involved in the colonization of mouse, pig, and bovine models of host infection. Among those genes, the operons for ethanolamine and propanediol utilization as well as for the synthesis of cobalamin, a cofactor in these pathways, were the most highly upregulated genes in lettuce and cilantro lesions. In S. Typhimurium strain LT2, population sizes of mutants deficient in propanediol utilization or cobalamin synthesis were 10- and 3-fold lower, respectively, than those of the wild-type strain in macerated cilantro (P < 0.0002); in strain SL1344, such mutants behaved similarly to the parental strain. Anaerobic conditions and the utilization of nutrients in macerated plant tissue that are also present in the animal intestine indicate a niche overlap that may explain the high level of adaptation of S. enterica to soft rot lesions, a common postharvest plant disease.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Salmonella enterica increased 56-fold on cilantro leaves when inoculated alone.
- Taxon
- cilantro
Coriandrum sativume0 - Treatment
- inoculated alonee0
- Interactor
- Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344
Salmonella entericae0other - Outcome
- population sizes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 56-folde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“population sizes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 increased 56-fold when inoculated alone onto cilantro leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Coinoculation with Dickeya dadantii yielded a 2,884-fold increase in Salmonella population on cilantro leaves.
- Taxon
- cilantroCoriandrum sativume0
- Treatment
- coinoculated with Dickeya dadantiie0
- Interactor
- Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344Salmonella entericae0other
- Second interactor
- Dickeya dadantii
-_Bacterial_soft_rot.jpg?width=60)
Dickeya dadantiie0pathogen - Outcome
- population sizes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2,884-folde0
- Comparator
- inoculated alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
-_Bacterial_soft_rot.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“population sizes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 increased 56-fold when inoculated alone onto cilantro leaves, versus 2,884-fold when coinoculated with Dickeya dadantii, a prevalent pathogen that macerates plant tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
Salmonella populations showed a similar soft rot trend on lettuce leaves.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Interactor
- S. entericaSalmonella entericae0other
- Outcome
- S. enterica populationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A similar trend in S. enterica populations was observed for soft-rotted lettuce leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Salmonella on infected lettuce and cilantro leaves shifted toward anaerobic metabolism.
- Taxon
- lettuce and cilantroCoriandrum sativumLactuca sativae0
- Interactor
- S. entericaSalmonella entericae0other
- Second interactor
- D. dadantiiDickeya dadantiie0pathogen
- Outcome
- anaerobic metabolisme0
- Direction
- shift towarde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcriptome analysis of S. enterica cells that colonized D. dadantii-infected lettuce and cilantro leaves revealed a clear shift toward anaerobic metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Salmonella on infected lettuce and cilantro leaves shifted toward catabolism of substrates released by plant cell degradation.
- Taxon
- lettuce and cilantroCoriandrum sativumLactuca sativae0
- Interactor
- S. entericaSalmonella entericae0other
- Outcome
- catabolism of substratese0
- Direction
- shift towarde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcriptome analysis of S. enterica cells that colonized D. dadantii-infected lettuce and cilantro leaves revealed a clear shift toward anaerobic metabolism and catabolism of substrates that are available due to the degradation of plant cells by the pectinolytic pathogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-nine percent of genes upregulated in cilantro macerates were also upregulated in chicken intestine.
- Taxon
- cilantroCoriandrum sativume0
- Outcome
- genes that were upregulated in cilantro maceratese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- Twenty-nine percente0
- Setting
- chicken intestinee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twenty-nine percent of the genes that were upregulated in cilantro macerates were also previously observed to have increased expression levels in the chicken intestine”
Claim · model-written summary
Multiple genes induced in soft rot lesions are involved in colonization of mouse, pig and bovine infection models.
- Taxon
- Lettuce and CilantroCoriandrum sativumLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- genes induced in soft rot lesionse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“multiple genes induced in soft rot lesions are also involved in the colonization of mouse, pig, and bovine models of host infection”
t0“Lettuce and Cilantro”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolamine and propanediol utilization operons and the cobalamin synthesis operon were most highly upregulated in lettuce and cilantro lesions.
- Taxon
- lettuce and cilantroCoriandrum sativumLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- operons for ethanolamine and propanediol utilization as well as for the synthesis of cobalamine0
- Direction
- most highly upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the operons for ethanolamine and propanediol utilization as well as for the synthesis of cobalamin, a cofactor in these pathways, were the most highly upregulated genes in lettuce and cilantro lesions”
Claim · model-written summary
In macerated cilantro, the LT2 propanediol utilization mutant had a 10-fold lower population than wild type.
- Taxon
- cilantroCoriandrum sativume0
- Outcome
- population sizes of mutants deficient in propanediol utilizatione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 10-e0
- Qualifier
- P < 0.0002e0
- Comparator
- wild-type straine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“population sizes of mutants deficient in propanediol utilization or cobalamin synthesis were 10- and 3-fold lower, respectively, than those of the wild-type strain in macerated cilantro (P < 0.0002)”
Claim · model-written summary
In macerated cilantro, the LT2 cobalamin synthesis mutant had a 3-fold lower population than wild type.
- Taxon
- cilantroCoriandrum sativume0
- Outcome
- population sizes of mutants deficient in propanediol utilization or cobalamin synthesise0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 3-folde0
- Qualifier
- P < 0.0002e0
- Comparator
- wild-type straine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“population sizes of mutants deficient in propanediol utilization or cobalamin synthesis were 10- and 3-fold lower, respectively, than those of the wild-type strain in macerated cilantro (P < 0.0002)”
Claim · model-written summary
The corresponding SL1344 mutants behaved like their parental strain.
- Taxon
- cilantroCoriandrum sativumt0
- Outcome
- such mutants behaved similarly to the parental straine0
- Comparator
- parental straine0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in strain SL1344, such mutants behaved similarly to the parental strain”
t0“Cilantro”