Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) plays an important role during developmental and defense processes in plants. One specific developmental process is the formation of xylem vessels which mainly consist of fused dead, hollow cells called vessel or tracheary elements (TE). These elements are composed of lignified cellulose walls. Anatomical dimensions of these xylem vessels, especially the length and diameter, greatly influence water status of the plant. Manipulation of TE dimensions by e.g. environmental conditions affects the plant's water status and may affect agronomical characteristics (Twumasi et al., Acta Hort 669: 303-311, 2005). PCD is an integral part of the TE differentiation process and we investigated if manipulation of PCD affects the kinetics of TE differentiation and their final dimensions during TE differentiation of Zinnia elegans cv Envy mesophyll cells. Application of E64 (a general protease inhibitor) and Ac-Z-asp-DCB (a broad-range human caspase inhibitor), both well established inhibitors of PCD in plants, resulted in a significant delay in the timing of cell death, the formation of secondary wall thickenings and significantly affected the final TE dimensions (length and area). We found the effects to be directly proportional to the drug concentrations within the non-lethal boundaries. Both inhibitors were effective at 10nM concentration in the mesophyll suspension cultures. The timing and role of PCD in relation to the formation of secondary wall thickening is discussed
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Claims 4
Claim · model-written summary
E64 and Ac-Z-asp-DCB significantly delayed cell death timing and secondary wall thickening formation in Zinnia elegans mesophyll cells.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegans
Zinnia eleganse1 - Material
- cv Envye1
- Organ / stage
- mesophyll cellse1
- Treatment
- Application of E64 (a general protease inhibitor) and Ac-Z-asp-DCB (a broad-range human caspase inhibitor)e0
- Outcome
- timing of cell death, the formation of secondary wall thickeningse0
- Direction
- delaye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of E64 (a general protease inhibitor) and Ac-Z-asp-DCB (a broad-range human caspase inhibitor), both well established inhibitors of PCD in plants, resulted in a significant delay in the timing of cell death, the formation of secondary wall thickenings and significantly affected the final TE dimensions (length and area)”
e1“Zinnia elegans cv Envy mesophyll cells”
Claim · model-written summary
E64 and Ac-Z-asp-DCB significantly affected the final tracheary element dimensions (length and area) of Zinnia elegans.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse1
- Material
- cv Envye1
- Organ / stage
- mesophyll cellse1
- Treatment
- Application of E64 (a general protease inhibitor) and Ac-Z-asp-DCB (a broad-range human caspase inhibitor)e0
- Outcome
- final TE dimensions (length and area)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of E64 (a general protease inhibitor) and Ac-Z-asp-DCB (a broad-range human caspase inhibitor), both well established inhibitors of PCD in plants, resulted in a significant delay in the timing of cell death, the formation of secondary wall thickenings and significantly affected the final TE dimensions (length and area)”
e1“Zinnia elegans cv Envy mesophyll cells”
Claim · model-written summary
The effects of the inhibitors were directly proportional to drug concentration within non-lethal boundaries in Zinnia elegans.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse1
- Material
- cv Envye1
- Organ / stage
- mesophyll cellse1
- Treatment
- drug concentrationse2
- Outcome
- effectse2
- Direction
- directly proportionale2
- Qualifier
- within the non-lethal boundariese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Zinnia elegans cv Envy mesophyll cells”
e2“We found the effects to be directly proportional to the drug concentrations within the non-lethal boundaries”
Claim · model-written summary
Both inhibitors were effective at 10nM concentration in Zinnia elegans mesophyll suspension cultures.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegansZinnia eleganse1
- Material
- cv Envye1
- Organ / stage
- mesophyll cellse1
- Treatment
- Application of E64 (a general protease inhibitor) and Ac-Z-asp-DCB (a broad-range human caspase inhibitor)e0
- Outcome
- effective at 10nM concentratione3
- Direction
- effectivee3
- Setting
- mesophyll suspension culturese3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of E64 (a general protease inhibitor) and Ac-Z-asp-DCB (a broad-range human caspase inhibitor), both well established inhibitors of PCD in plants”
e1“Zinnia elegans cv Envy mesophyll cells”
e3“Both inhibitors were effective at 10nM concentration in the mesophyll suspension cultures”