Abstract
Juniperus excelsa (DC.) M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae) is long-lived tree that provides many benefits to regional ecosystems and local economies of surrounding communities. However, relatively little is known about the insects, diseases and other factors that affect the health and productivity of Juniper forests in Ziarat district of Balochistan Province, Pakistan. In this study the incidence of wide spread threat to J. excelsa by obligate parasite Arceuthobium oxycedri (DC.) M. Bieb (Viscaceae) is reported. This disease has been recently discovered in four new locations in Ziarat forest. In the infested regions of Salam Valley, trees were severely infected, the majority having a DMR (Dwarf Mistletoe Rating) of 6. In contrast, severity of infection in the Ziarat valley was light, the majority having a DMR of 1. In the infested portions of Salik Sakhobi, infection was moderate. 50% of the infected trees were severely infected (DMR 6) and an equal percentage were less infected (DMR 1 or 2). The most effected area was Narai Valley that contained the most severely infected trees. In this area DMR of infected trees were high (4-6). It is therefore concluded that the infection was recent because we did not observe trees in the sampling area that had been completely killed by A. oxycedri. The spread by wind, birds and small mammals is the most likely vector of rapid spread of this parasite. A. oxycedri infestation in the newly infected areas appeared to be the extensions of the main area of infestation in Chasnak and Sasnamana Valleys.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Mistletoe disease was discovered at four new Ziarat forest locations.
- Taxon
- Juniperus excelsa
Juniperus excelsae1 - Interactor
- Arceuthobium oxycedri
Arceuthobium oxycedrit0parasite - Outcome
- diseasee0
- Value
- four new locationse0
- Setting
- Ziarat foreste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This disease has been recently discovered in four new locations in Ziarat forest.”
t0“Arceuthobium oxycedri”
e1“Juniperus excelsa (DC.) M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae)”
Claim · model-written summary
Most infected Salam Valley trees had severe infection at DMR 6.
- Taxon
- Juniperus excelsaJuniperus excelsae1
- Interactor
- Arceuthobium oxycedriArceuthobium oxycedrit0parasite
- Outcome
- severely infectede0
- Value
- 6e0
- Setting
- Salam Valleye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the infested regions of Salam Valley, trees were severely infected, the majority having a DMR (Dwarf Mistletoe Rating) of 6.”
t0“Arceuthobium oxycedri”
e1“Juniperus excelsa (DC.) M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae)”
Claim · model-written summary
Most Ziarat valley trees had light infection at DMR 1.
- Taxon
- Juniperus excelsaJuniperus excelsae1
- Interactor
- Arceuthobium oxycedriArceuthobium oxycedrit0parasite
- Outcome
- severity of infectione0
- Value
- 1e0
- Setting
- Ziarat valleye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“severity of infection in the Ziarat valley was light, the majority having a DMR of 1.”
t0“Arceuthobium oxycedri”
e1“Juniperus excelsa (DC.) M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae)”
Claim · model-written summary
In Salik Sakhobi, half the infected trees were severe at DMR 6.
- Taxon
- Juniperus excelsaJuniperus excelsae1
- Interactor
- Arceuthobium oxycedriArceuthobium oxycedrit0parasite
- Outcome
- severely infectede0
- Value
- 50%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“50% of the infected trees were severely infected (DMR 6)”
t0“Arceuthobium oxycedri”
e1“Juniperus excelsa (DC.) M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae)”
Claim · model-written summary
In Salik Sakhobi, half the trees were less infected at DMR 1 or 2.
- Taxon
- Juniperus excelsaJuniperus excelsae1
- Interactor
- Arceuthobium oxycedriArceuthobium oxycedrit0parasite
- Outcome
- less infectede0
- Value
- DMR 1 or 2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an equal percentage were less infected (DMR 1 or 2).”
t0“Arceuthobium oxycedri”
e1“Juniperus excelsa (DC.) M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae)”
Claim · model-written summary
Narai Valley had the most severely infected trees, at DMR 4 to 6.
- Taxon
- Juniperus excelsaJuniperus excelsae1
- Interactor
- Arceuthobium oxycedriArceuthobium oxycedrit0parasite
- Outcome
- most severely infected treese0
- Value
- 4-6e0
- Setting
- Narai Valleye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Narai Valley that contained the most severely infected trees. In this area DMR of infected trees were high (4-6).”
t0“Arceuthobium oxycedri”
e1“Juniperus excelsa (DC.) M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer recent infection from absence of completely killed trees.
- Taxon
- Juniperus excelsaJuniperus excelsae1
- Interactor
- A. oxycedriArceuthobium oxycedrie0parasite
- Outcome
- infection was recente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the infection was recent because we did not observe trees in the sampling area that had been completely killed by A. oxycedri.”
t0“Arceuthobium oxycedri”
e1“Juniperus excelsa (DC.) M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wind, birds and small mammals were proposed as likely vectors of rapid spread.
- Taxon
- Juniperus excelsaJuniperus excelsae1
- Interactor
- Arceuthobium oxycedriArceuthobium oxycedrit0parasite
- Outcome
- rapid spread of this parasitee0
- Qualifier
- wind, birds and small mammalse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The spread by wind, birds and small mammals is the most likely vector of rapid spread of this parasite.”
t0“Arceuthobium oxycedri”
e1“Juniperus excelsa (DC.) M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae)”
Claim · model-written summary
Newly infected areas appear to extend the Chasnak and Sasnamana infestation.
- Taxon
- Juniperus excelsaJuniperus excelsae1
- Interactor
- A. oxycedriArceuthobium oxycedrie0parasite
- Outcome
- infestation in the newly infected arease0
- Setting
- Chasnak and Sasnamana Valleyse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. oxycedri infestation in the newly infected areas appeared to be the extensions of the main area of infestation in Chasnak and Sasnamana Valleys.”
t0“Arceuthobium oxycedri”
e1“Juniperus excelsa (DC.) M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae)”