Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the effects of single infections and co-infections of three unrelated viruses on three cowpea cultivars (one commercial cowpea cultivar "White" and 2 IITA lines; IT81D-985 and TVu 76). The plants were inoculated with Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), genus Potyvirus, Cowpea mottle virus (CMeV), genus Carmovirus and Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV), genus Sobemovirus singly and in mixture (double and triple) at 10, 20, and 30 days after planting (DAP). The treated plants were assessed for susceptibility to the viruses, growth, and yield. In all cases of infection, early inoculation resulted in higher disease severity compared with late infection. The virus treated cowpea plants were relatively shorter than buffer inoculated control plants except the IT81D-985 plants that were taller and produced more foliage. Single infections by CABMV, CMeV, and SBMV led to a complete loss of seeds in the three cowpea cultivars at 10 DAP; only cultivar White produced some seeds at 30 DAP. Double and triple virus infections led to a total loss of seeds in all three cowpea cultivars. None of the virus infected IITA lines produced any seeds except IT81D-985 plants co-infected with CABMV and SBMV at 30 DAP with a reduction of 80%. Overall, the commercial cultivar "White" was the least susceptible to the virus treatments and produced the most yield (flowers, pods, and seeds). CABMV was the most aggressive of these viruses and early single inoculations with this virus resulted in the premature death of some of the seedlings. The presence of the Potyvirus, CABMV in the double virus infections did not appear to increase disease severity or yield loss. There was no strong evidence for synergistic interactions between the viruses in the double virus mixtures.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier virus inoculation produced higher disease severity than later infection.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatat0 - Treatment
- early inoculatione0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- late infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early inoculation resulted in higher disease severity compared with late infection”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Virus-treated cowpea plants were shorter than buffer-inoculated controls.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- virus treatede0
- Outcome
- cowpea plantse0
- Direction
- shortere0
- Comparator
- buffer inoculated control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The virus treated cowpea plants were relatively shorter than buffer inoculated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Virus-treated IT81D-985 plants were taller and had more foliage than controls.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Material
- IT81D-985e0
- Treatment
- virus treatede1
- Outcome
- taller and produced more foliagee0
- Direction
- tallere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“except the IT81D-985 plants that were taller and produced more foliage”
t0“cowpea”
e1“The virus treated cowpea plants were relatively shorter than buffer inoculated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Single CABMV infection caused complete seed loss at 10 DAP.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- CABMVe0
- Outcome
- loss of seedse0
- Direction
- complete losse0
- Qualifier
- 10 DAPe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Single infections by CABMV, CMeV, and SBMV led to a complete loss of seeds in the three cowpea cultivars at 10 DAP”
Claim · model-written summary
Single CMeV infection caused complete seed loss at 10 DAP.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- CMeVe0
- Outcome
- loss of seedse0
- Direction
- complete losse0
- Qualifier
- 10 DAPe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Single infections by CABMV, CMeV, and SBMV led to a complete loss of seeds in the three cowpea cultivars at 10 DAP”
Claim · model-written summary
Single SBMV infection caused complete seed loss at 10 DAP.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- SBMVe0
- Outcome
- loss of seedse0
- Direction
- complete losse0
- Qualifier
- 10 DAPe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Single infections by CABMV, CMeV, and SBMV led to a complete loss of seeds in the three cowpea cultivars at 10 DAP”
Claim · model-written summary
Only White produced some seeds following single infection at 30 DAP.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Material
- Whitee0
- Outcome
- produced some seedse0
- Qualifier
- 30 DAPe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only cultivar White produced some seeds at 30 DAP”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Double virus infection led to total seed loss in all three cultivars.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- Doublee0
- Outcome
- loss of seedse0
- Direction
- total losse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Double and triple virus infections led to a total loss of seeds in all three cowpea cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Triple virus infection led to total seed loss in all three cultivars.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- triple virus infectionse0
- Outcome
- loss of seedse0
- Direction
- total losse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Double and triple virus infections led to a total loss of seeds in all three cowpea cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
IT81D-985 co-infected with CABMV and SBMV at 30 DAP had an 80% seed reduction.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Material
- IT81D-985e0
- Treatment
- co-infected with CABMV and SBMVe0
- Outcome
- seedse1
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 80%e0
- Qualifier
- 30 DAPe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IT81D-985 plants co-infected with CABMV and SBMV at 30 DAP with a reduction of 80%”
t0“cowpea”
e1“Single infections by CABMV, CMeV, and SBMV led to a complete loss of seeds in the three cowpea cultivars at 10 DAP”
Claim · model-written summary
White was least susceptible to virus treatments.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Material
- Whitee0
- Outcome
- susceptible to the virus treatmentse0
- Direction
- leaste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the commercial cultivar "White" was the least susceptible to the virus treatments”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
White produced the most flowers, pods and seeds.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Material
- Whitee1
- Outcome
- yield (flowers, pods, and seeds)e0
- Direction
- moste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“produced the most yield (flowers, pods, and seeds)”
t0“cowpea”
e1“only cultivar White produced some seeds at 30 DAP”
Claim · model-written summary
Early single CABMV inoculation prematurely killed some seedlings.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- early single inoculationse0
- Outcome
- premature death of some of the seedlingse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early single inoculations with this virus resulted in the premature death of some of the seedlings”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
CABMV in double infections did not appear to raise disease severity.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- did not appear to increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The presence of the Potyvirus, CABMV in the double virus infections did not appear to increase disease severity or yield loss”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
CABMV in double infections did not appear to raise yield loss.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Direction
- did not appear to increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The presence of the Potyvirus, CABMV in the double virus infections did not appear to increase disease severity or yield loss”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Double virus mixtures showed no strong evidence of synergy.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Outcome
- synergistic interactions between the virusese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no strong evidence for synergistic interactions between the viruses in the double virus mixtures”
t0“cowpea”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · survival · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
inoculation · disease · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results
16 papers in the same direction as this paper · 18 in the opposite direction
- negative
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See all 35 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.