Abstract
Weed seed rain was monitored in field plots under three fallow types and four land-use intensities in Ibadan, Nigeria, in 1994 and 1995. The fallow types were natural bush, planted Leucaena leucocephala, and Pueraria phaseoloides. The land-use intensities consisted of continuous cropping, involving Zea mays/Manihot esculenta and fallowing for 1, 2, and 3 yr, with each fallow period followed by 1 yr of Z. mays/M. esculenta cultivation. In 1994, seed rain in plots cropped after P. phaseoloides fallow was significantly lower than in plots cropped after bush or L. leucocephala fallow. Pueraria phaseoloides plots had similar seed rain as bush fallow plots in 1995, and the seed rain in these plots was significantly lower than in L. leucocephala plots. Weed seed rain was significantly higher in continuously cultivated plots across all fallow types than in plots that were cultivated after one or more years of fallow. The lowest seed rain was in plots that were cropped once after a 3-yr fallow. The largest quantity of weed seed input in the plots occurred in either August or September, reflecting the life cycle of the annual weeds that dominated the vegetation. Individual species differed in pattern and duration of shedding seeds within the fallow systems and land-use intensities. Annual weeds dominated the seed rain in continuously cropped plots, and seeds of perennial weeds were dominant in plots fallowed for more than 1 yr before cultivation. Weeds flowered earlier in continuously cropped plots than in plots that were cropped after 2 or 3 yr of fallow. Increased land-use intensity caused an increase in seed rain and consequently increased the soil seed bank. Pueraria phaseoloides fallow was more effective in shading weeds and probably reducing the quantity of light reaching them than the natural bush and planted L. leucocephala fallow systems, and this may have been the basis of the significantly lower seed rain in P. phaseoloides plots.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Seed rain after Pueraria phaseoloides fallow was significantly lower than after bush or Leucaena leucocephala fallow in 1994.
- Treatment
- P. phaseoloides fallowe2
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- seed raine2
- Direction
- significantly lowere2
- Comparator
- bush or L. leucocephala fallowe2
- Setting
- Ibadan, Nigeriae1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous cropping, involving Zea mays/Manihot esculenta”
e1“Weed seed rain was monitored in field plots under three fallow types and four land-use intensities in Ibadan, Nigeria”
e2“In 1994, seed rain in plots cropped after P. phaseoloides fallow was significantly lower than in plots cropped after bush or L. leucocephala fallow”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed rain in Pueraria phaseoloides plots was similar to that in bush fallow plots in 1995.
- Treatment
- Pueraria phaseoloides plotse3
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- seed raine3
- Direction
- similare3
- Comparator
- bush fallow plotse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous cropping, involving Zea mays/Manihot esculenta”
e1“Weed seed rain was monitored in field plots under three fallow types and four land-use intensities in Ibadan, Nigeria”
e3“Pueraria phaseoloides plots had similar seed rain as bush fallow plots in 1995”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed rain in Pueraria phaseoloides plots was significantly lower than in Leucaena leucocephala plots in 1995.
- Treatment
- Pueraria phaseoloides plotse3
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- seed raine4
- Direction
- significantly lowere4
- Comparator
- L. leucocephala plotse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous cropping, involving Zea mays/Manihot esculenta”
e1“Weed seed rain was monitored in field plots under three fallow types and four land-use intensities in Ibadan, Nigeria”
e3“Pueraria phaseoloides plots had similar seed rain as bush fallow plots in 1995”
e4“the seed rain in these plots was significantly lower than in L. leucocephala plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed seed rain was significantly higher in continuously cultivated plots than in plots cultivated after one or more years of fallow.
- Treatment
- continuously cultivated plotse5
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- Weed seed raine5
- Direction
- significantly highere5
- Comparator
- plots that were cultivated after one or more years of fallowe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous cropping, involving Zea mays/Manihot esculenta”
e1“Weed seed rain was monitored in field plots under three fallow types and four land-use intensities in Ibadan, Nigeria”
e5“Weed seed rain was significantly higher in continuously cultivated plots across all fallow types than in plots that were cultivated after one or more years of fallow”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest seed rain occurred in plots cropped once after a 3-year fallow.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous cropping, involving Zea mays/Manihot esculenta”
e6“The lowest seed rain was in plots that were cropped once after a 3-yr fallow”
Claim · model-written summary
The largest weed seed input occurred in August or September.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous cropping, involving Zea mays/Manihot esculenta”
e1“Weed seed rain was monitored in field plots under three fallow types and four land-use intensities in Ibadan, Nigeria”
e7“The largest quantity of weed seed input in the plots occurred in either August or September”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual weeds dominated seed rain in continuously cropped plots.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous cropping, involving Zea mays/Manihot esculenta”
e1“Annual weeds dominated the seed rain in continuously cropped plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds of perennial weeds were dominant in plots fallowed for more than one year before cultivation.
- Treatment
- plots fallowed for more than 1 yr before cultivatione2
- Interactor
- perennial weedse2weed
- Outcome
- seedse2
- Direction
- dominante2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous cropping, involving Zea mays/Manihot esculenta”
e2“seeds of perennial weeds were dominant in plots fallowed for more than 1 yr before cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Weeds flowered earlier in continuously cropped plots than in plots cropped after 2 or 3 years of fallow.
- Treatment
- continuously cropped plotse3
- Interactor
- Weedse3weed
- Outcome
- flowerede3
- Direction
- earliere3
- Comparator
- plots that were cropped after 2 or 3 yr of fallowe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous cropping, involving Zea mays/Manihot esculenta”
e3“Weeds flowered earlier in continuously cropped plots than in plots that were cropped after 2 or 3 yr of fallow”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased land-use intensity increased seed rain and, consequently, the soil seed bank.
- Treatment
- Increased land-use intensitye4
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- seed raine4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Qualifier
- consequently increased the soil seed banke4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous cropping, involving Zea mays/Manihot esculenta”
e1“Weed seed rain was monitored in field plots under three fallow types and four land-use intensities in Ibadan, Nigeria”
e4“Increased land-use intensity caused an increase in seed rain and consequently increased the soil seed bank”
Claim · model-written summary
Pueraria phaseoloides fallow was more effective than natural bush and Leucaena leucocephala fallow in shading weeds.
- Treatment
- Pueraria phaseoloides fallowe5
- Interactor
- weedse5weed
- Outcome
- shading weedse5
- Direction
- more effectivee5
- Qualifier
- probably reducing the quantity of light reaching theme5
- Comparator
- natural bush and planted L. leucocephala fallow systemse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous cropping, involving Zea mays/Manihot esculenta”
e5“Pueraria phaseoloides fallow was more effective in shading weeds and probably reducing the quantity of light reaching them than the natural bush and planted L. leucocephala fallow systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading by Pueraria phaseoloides fallow may explain its significantly lower seed rain.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous cropping, involving Zea mays/Manihot esculenta”
e5“Pueraria phaseoloides fallow was more effective in shading weeds and probably reducing the quantity of light reaching them than the natural bush and planted L. leucocephala fallow systems”
e6“this may have been the basis of the significantly lower seed rain in P. phaseoloides plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual weed species differed in the pattern and duration of seed shedding within fallow systems and land-use intensities.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous cropping, involving Zea mays/Manihot esculenta”
e7“Individual species differed in pattern and duration of shedding seeds within the fallow systems and land-use intensities”
The same questions in other papers
rotation · weed · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
22 papers more in this group
See all 26 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.