Abstract
Synchrony and impact of the predators Laricobius nigrinus Fender and Laricobius rubidus LeConte, on hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, were studied in an eastern hemlock field insectary in Virginia. First, a field insectary for propagation of the introduced L. nigrinus was established by planting hemlocks in 2001, infesting them with hemlock woolly adelgid in 2002 and 2003, followed by releasing 258 L. nigrinus in 2003. Initial sampling showed that the native L. rubidus was present in the area. Hemlock woolly adelgid and both Laricobius species populations increased annually, from which 305 F3 L. nigrinus adults were collected and redistributed to forests in 2007. Second, the phenology of hemlock woolly adelgid and Laricobius spp. life cycles were monitored in 2005 and 2006. Adult L. nigrinus (F2) and L. rubidus were active on hemlock from fall through mid-spring and overlapped with second-instar sistentes nymphs through progredientes eggs. The predators' eggs were oviposited and larvae developed (i.e., F3 L. nigrinus) from late winter to mid-spring on progredientes eggs, indicating synchrony with suitable prey life stages. Third, a predator exclusion experiment was used to examine the relationships between the predators and prey in 2005 and 2006. When exposed to L. nigrinus (F2 adults and F3 larvae) and L. rubidus, hemlock woolly adelgid survival and ovisac density were lower and ovisac disturbance was higher than hemlock woolly adelgid protected in cages. The establishment and production of L. nigrinus at a field insectary, synchronization with, and impacts on hemlock woolly adelgid after a small release 2 yr earlier makes it an important potential biological control agent of hemlock woolly adelgid.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Native L. rubidus was present in the insectary area.
- Taxon
- L. rubidusLaricobius rubiduse0
- Outcome
- present in the areae0
Verbatim
e0“Initial sampling showed that the native L. rubidus was present in the area.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hemlock woolly adelgid populations increased annually.
- Taxon
- Hemlock woolly adelgid
Adelges tsugaee0 - Outcome
- populationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- annuallye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hemlock woolly adelgid and both Laricobius species populations increased annually”
Claim · model-written summary
L. nigrinus populations increased annually.
- Taxon
- L. nigrinus
_Fender%2C_1945_-_1276021-PPT.jpg?width=60)
Laricobius nigrinuse0 - Outcome
- populationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- annuallye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Fender%2C_1945_-_1276021-PPT.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Hemlock woolly adelgid and both Laricobius species populations increased annually, from which 305 F3 L. nigrinus adults were collected and redistributed to forests in 2007.”
Claim · model-written summary
L. rubidus populations increased annually.
- Taxon
- L. rubidusLaricobius rubiduse1
- Outcome
- populationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- annuallye0
Verbatim
e0“Hemlock woolly adelgid and both Laricobius species populations increased annually”
e1“Initial sampling showed that the native L. rubidus was present in the area.”
Claim · model-written summary
The insectary produced 305 F3 L. nigrinus adults collected and redistributed in 2007.
- Taxon
- L. nigrinusLaricobius nigrinuse0
- Outcome
- adults were collected and redistributede0
- Value
- 305e0
- Qualifier
- in 2007e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“305 F3 L. nigrinus adults were collected and redistributed to forests in 2007”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult L. nigrinus were active on hemlock from fall to mid-spring, overlapping suitable adelgid stages.
- Taxon
- L. nigrinusLaricobius nigrinuse0
- Interactor
- hemlocke0other
- Outcome
- active on hemlock from fall through mid-springe0
- Qualifier
- overlapped with second-instar sistentes nymphs through progredientes eggse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adult L. nigrinus (F2) and L. rubidus were active on hemlock from fall through mid-spring and overlapped with second-instar sistentes nymphs through progredientes eggs.”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult L. rubidus were active on hemlock from fall to mid-spring, overlapping suitable adelgid stages.
- Taxon
- L. rubidusLaricobius rubiduse0
- Interactor
- hemlocke0other
- Outcome
- active on hemlock from fall through mid-springe0
- Qualifier
- overlapped with second-instar sistentes nymphs through progredientes eggse0
Verbatim
e0“Adult L. nigrinus (F2) and L. rubidus were active on hemlock from fall through mid-spring and overlapped with second-instar sistentes nymphs through progredientes eggs.”
Claim · model-written summary
L. nigrinus eggs and larvae occurred from late winter to mid-spring on progredientes eggs, synchronously with prey.
- Taxon
- L. nigrinusLaricobius nigrinuse0
- Outcome
- eggs were oviposited and larvae developede0
- Qualifier
- from late winter to mid-spring on progredientes eggs, indicating synchrony with suitable prey life stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The predators' eggs were oviposited and larvae developed (i.e., F3 L. nigrinus) from late winter to mid-spring on progredientes eggs, indicating synchrony with suitable prey life stages.”
Claim · model-written summary
L. rubidus eggs and larvae occurred synchronously with suitable prey stages.
- Taxon
- L. rubidusLaricobius rubiduse1
- Outcome
- eggs were oviposited and larvae developede0
- Qualifier
- from late winter to mid-spring on progredientes eggs, indicating synchrony with suitable prey life stagese0
Verbatim
e0“The predators' eggs were oviposited and larvae developed (i.e., F3 L. nigrinus) from late winter to mid-spring on progredientes eggs, indicating synchrony with suitable prey life stages.”
e1“Adult L. nigrinus (F2) and L. rubidus were active on hemlock”
Claim · model-written summary
Predator exposure lowered adelgid survival and ovisac density relative to cage protection.
- Taxon
- hemlock woolly adelgidAdelges tsugaee0
- Treatment
- exposed to L. nigrinus (F2 adults and F3 larvae) and L. rubiduse0
- Interactor
- L. nigrinusLaricobius nigrinuse0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- L. rubidusLaricobius rubiduse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- hemlock woolly adelgid survival and ovisac densitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- hemlock woolly adelgid protected in cagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When exposed to L. nigrinus (F2 adults and F3 larvae) and L. rubidus, hemlock woolly adelgid survival and ovisac density were lower and ovisac disturbance was higher than hemlock woolly adelgid protected in cages.”
Claim · model-written summary
Predator exposure increased adelgid ovisac disturbance relative to cage protection.
- Taxon
- hemlock woolly adelgidAdelges tsugaee0
- Treatment
- exposed to L. nigrinus (F2 adults and F3 larvae) and L. rubiduse0
- Interactor
- L. nigrinusLaricobius nigrinuse0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- L. rubidusLaricobius rubiduse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- ovisac disturbancee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- hemlock woolly adelgid protected in cagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When exposed to L. nigrinus (F2 adults and F3 larvae) and L. rubidus, hemlock woolly adelgid survival and ovisac density were lower and ovisac disturbance was higher than hemlock woolly adelgid protected in cages.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors regard L. nigrinus as an important potential biological control agent for hemlock woolly adelgid.
- Taxon
- L. nigrinusLaricobius nigrinuse0
- Interactor
- hemlock woolly adelgidAdelges tsugaee0pest
- Outcome
- important potential biological control agent of hemlock woolly adelgide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The establishment and production of L. nigrinus at a field insectary, synchronization with, and impacts on hemlock woolly adelgid after a small release 2 yr earlier makes it an important potential biological control agent of hemlock woolly adelgid.”