Abstract
Last year's research proposal presented a three year program to develop two new approaches to control walnut blight and to determine the extent and significance of copper tolerance by the blight bacterium, Xanthomonas juqlandis. One approach was to add additional materials to fixed copper bactericides to improve the toxicity of copper to blight bacteria while not increasing phytotoxicity to the tree. The other approach was to find naturally occuring organisms that would be antagonistic to the blight bacteria and reduce their populations in buds, the major site for overwintering. Both approaches look very promising after the first year of research. Two chemical additives, both of which can be considered safe, greatly increased the effectiveness of copper in killing blight bacteria in laboratory tests. It is thought that the two materials, CB2 and CB3, affect the ability of the bacteria to take-up the copper ion. This also would suggest that a reduced amount of copper could be used to control blight which in turn would reduce the liklihood of copper phytotoxicity. The biological approach also yielded interesting data in that many buds were colonized by a yeast and a whitish bacterium. Approximately 20% of the buds that were colonized by these organisms contained no blight bacteria. Research on copper tolerant blight bacteria suggested that this an important factor affecting the efficacy of copper materials but that the bacteria still could be killed at higher dosages of copper. It also appears that the copper tolerance is somewhat transient and will not remain for long periods of time.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Two chemical additives, CB2 and CB3, greatly increased the effectiveness of copper in killing blight bacteria in laboratory tests.
Verbatim
t0“CONTROL WALNUT BLIGHT”
e0“Two chemical additives, both of which can be considered safe, greatly increased the effectiveness of copper in killing blight bacteria in laboratory tests”
e6“the blight bacterium, Xanthomonas juqlandis”
Claim · model-written summary
Approximately 20% of walnut buds colonized by the yeast and whitish bacterium contained no blight bacteria.
Verbatim
t0“CONTROL WALNUT BLIGHT”
e2“Approximately 20% of the buds that were colonized by these organisms contained no blight bacteria”
e6“the blight bacterium, Xanthomonas juqlandis”
Claim · model-written summary
Many walnut buds were colonized by a yeast and a whitish bacterium.
Verbatim
t0“CONTROL WALNUT BLIGHT”
e1“many buds were colonized by a yeast and a whitish bacterium”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper-tolerant walnut blight bacteria could still be killed at higher dosages of copper.
Verbatim
t0“CONTROL WALNUT BLIGHT”
e3“the bacteria still could be killed at higher dosages of copper”
e6“the blight bacterium, Xanthomonas juqlandis”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper tolerance of the blight bacteria appears to be somewhat transient and not to remain for long periods.
Verbatim
t0“CONTROL WALNUT BLIGHT”
e4“It also appears that the copper tolerance is somewhat transient and will not remain for long periods of time”
Claim · model-written summary
A reduced amount of copper could be used to control walnut blight.
Verbatim
t0“CONTROL WALNUT BLIGHT”
e5“This also would suggest that a reduced amount of copper could be used to control blight”
Claim · model-written summary
Two chemical additives, CB2 and CB3, are thought to affect the ability of the blight bacteria to take up copper ions.
Verbatim
t0“CONTROL WALNUT BLIGHT”
e7“It is thought that the two materials, CB2 and CB3, affect the ability of the bacteria to take-up the copper ion”