Abstract
Eretmocerus eremicus is the most abundant parasitoid of the Bemisia complex in North America. It can parasitize equally successfully the most common whiteflies in greenhouses, Trialeurodes vaporariorum and the Bemisia complex. The parasitoid is used in Europe for whitefly control, either alone or in combination with releases of Encarsia formosa. Life-cycle and demographic parameters of this parasitoid were evaluated using T. vaporariorum as a host. Fecundity, developmental time, juvenile mortality, sex ratio and longevity were determined under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1°C, 50-60% RH, 12:12 (L:D) h photoperiod) to be able to calculate the intrinsic rate of natural increase of the parasitoid on tomato plants, cultivars Moneymaker and Hayslip. The life-cycle parameters of the parasitoid did not differ significantly on the two tomato cultivars. The mean fecundity of E. eremicus was 162 ± 20 (mean ± s.e.) eggs on Moneymaker and 167 ± 20 eggs on Hayslip tomato cultivar. The developmental time was 22 ± 0.04 days, the juvenile mortality was 7% and the sex ratio was close to 1:1. Adult longevity was 14 ± 1.35 days. Life-cycle parameters indicate that the net reproduction (R0) was 91 and 86, the mean generation time (Tc) was 28 and 27, and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was 0.161 and 0.165 on the cultivars Moneymaker and Hayslip, respectively. The rm ranges among the rm’s registered for other parasitoids used to control Bemisia sp. and Trialeurodes sp. Thus, E. eremicus seems a good candidate for biological control of two of the most important whitefly pests in greenhouses.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid life-cycle parameters did not differ significantly between the two tomato cultivars.
- Taxon
- Eretmocerus eremicusEretmocerus eremicust0
- Treatment
- Moneymakere1
- Interactor
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1other - Outcome
- life-cycle parameterse0
- Direction
- did not differe0
- Comparator
- Hayslipe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The life-cycle parameters of the parasitoid did not differ significantly on the two tomato cultivars.”
e1“the intrinsic rate of natural increase of the parasitoid on tomato plants, cultivars Moneymaker and Hayslip”
t0“Eretmocerus eremicus”
Claim · model-written summary
E. eremicus mean fecundity on Moneymaker was 162 ± 20 eggs.
- Taxon
- E. eremicusEretmocerus eremicuse0
- Material
- Moneymakere0
- Interactor
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0other
- Outcome
- mean fecunditye0
- Value
- 162 ± 20 (mean ± s.e.) eggse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean fecundity of E. eremicus was 162 ± 20 (mean ± s.e.) eggs on Moneymaker and 167 ± 20 eggs on Hayslip tomato cultivar.”
Claim · model-written summary
E. eremicus mean fecundity on Hayslip was 167 ± 20 eggs.
- Taxon
- E. eremicusEretmocerus eremicuse0
- Material
- Hayslipe0
- Interactor
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0other
- Outcome
- mean fecunditye0
- Value
- 167 ± 20 eggse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean fecundity of E. eremicus was 162 ± 20 (mean ± s.e.) eggs on Moneymaker and 167 ± 20 eggs on Hayslip tomato cultivar.”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid developmental time was 22 ± 0.04 days.
- Taxon
- Eretmocerus eremicusEretmocerus eremicust0
- Outcome
- developmental timee0
- Value
- 22 ± 0.04 dayse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The developmental time was 22 ± 0.04 days, the juvenile mortality was 7% and the sex ratio was close to 1:1.”
t0“Eretmocerus eremicus”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid juvenile mortality was 7%.
- Taxon
- Eretmocerus eremicusEretmocerus eremicust0
- Outcome
- juvenile mortalitye0
- Value
- 7%e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The developmental time was 22 ± 0.04 days, the juvenile mortality was 7% and the sex ratio was close to 1:1.”
t0“Eretmocerus eremicus”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid sex ratio was close to 1:1.
- Taxon
- Eretmocerus eremicusEretmocerus eremicust0
- Outcome
- sex ratioe0
- Value
- 1:1e0
- Qualifier
- close toe0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The developmental time was 22 ± 0.04 days, the juvenile mortality was 7% and the sex ratio was close to 1:1.”
t0“Eretmocerus eremicus”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid adult longevity was 14 ± 1.35 days.
- Taxon
- Eretmocerus eremicusEretmocerus eremicust0
- Outcome
- Adult longevitye0
- Value
- 14 ± 1.35 dayse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Adult longevity was 14 ± 1.35 days.”
t0“Eretmocerus eremicus”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid net reproduction was 91 on Moneymaker.
- Taxon
- Eretmocerus eremicusEretmocerus eremicust0
- Material
- Moneymakere0
- Outcome
- net reproduction (R0)e0
- Value
- 91e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Life-cycle parameters indicate that the net reproduction (R0) was 91 and 86, the mean generation time (Tc) was 28 and 27, and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was 0.161 and 0.165 on the cultivars Moneymaker and Hayslip, respectively.”
t0“Eretmocerus eremicus”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid net reproduction was 86 on Hayslip.
- Taxon
- Eretmocerus eremicusEretmocerus eremicust0
- Material
- Hayslipe0
- Outcome
- net reproduction (R0)e0
- Value
- 86e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Life-cycle parameters indicate that the net reproduction (R0) was 91 and 86, the mean generation time (Tc) was 28 and 27, and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was 0.161 and 0.165 on the cultivars Moneymaker and Hayslip, respectively.”
t0“Eretmocerus eremicus”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid mean generation time was 28 on Moneymaker.
- Taxon
- Eretmocerus eremicusEretmocerus eremicust0
- Material
- Moneymakere0
- Outcome
- mean generation time (Tc)e0
- Value
- 28e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Life-cycle parameters indicate that the net reproduction (R0) was 91 and 86, the mean generation time (Tc) was 28 and 27, and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was 0.161 and 0.165 on the cultivars Moneymaker and Hayslip, respectively.”
t0“Eretmocerus eremicus”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid mean generation time was 27 on Hayslip.
- Taxon
- Eretmocerus eremicusEretmocerus eremicust0
- Material
- Hayslipe0
- Outcome
- mean generation time (Tc)e0
- Value
- 27e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Life-cycle parameters indicate that the net reproduction (R0) was 91 and 86, the mean generation time (Tc) was 28 and 27, and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was 0.161 and 0.165 on the cultivars Moneymaker and Hayslip, respectively.”
t0“Eretmocerus eremicus”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid intrinsic rate of natural increase was 0.161 on Moneymaker.
- Taxon
- Eretmocerus eremicusEretmocerus eremicust0
- Material
- Moneymakere0
- Outcome
- intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm)e0
- Value
- 0.161e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Life-cycle parameters indicate that the net reproduction (R0) was 91 and 86, the mean generation time (Tc) was 28 and 27, and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was 0.161 and 0.165 on the cultivars Moneymaker and Hayslip, respectively.”
t0“Eretmocerus eremicus”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid intrinsic rate of natural increase was 0.165 on Hayslip.
- Taxon
- Eretmocerus eremicusEretmocerus eremicust0
- Material
- Hayslipe0
- Outcome
- intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm)e0
- Value
- 0.165e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Life-cycle parameters indicate that the net reproduction (R0) was 91 and 86, the mean generation time (Tc) was 28 and 27, and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was 0.161 and 0.165 on the cultivars Moneymaker and Hayslip, respectively.”
t0“Eretmocerus eremicus”
Claim · model-written summary
The parasitoid intrinsic rate falls within the range registered for other whitefly-control parasitoids.
- Taxon
- Eretmocerus eremicusEretmocerus eremicust0
- Second interactor
- Trialeurodes sp.
Trialeurodese0pest - Outcome
- rme0
- Comparator
- other parasitoidse0
BemisiaNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rm ranges among the rm’s registered for other parasitoids used to control Bemisia sp. and Trialeurodes sp.”
t0“Eretmocerus eremicus”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider E. eremicus a good candidate for greenhouse whitefly biological control.
- Taxon
- E. eremicusEretmocerus eremicuse0
- Outcome
- biological control of two of the most important whitefly pestse0
- Qualifier
- seems a good candidatee0
- Setting
- greenhousese0
Verbatim
e0“Thus, E. eremicus seems a good candidate for biological control of two of the most important whitefly pests in greenhouses.”