Abstract
The effect of sowing date of winter trit icale on the species composition of insect pests on the crop during the spring and summer growth stages was evaluated in Kostinbrod (Bulgaria) for the period 2009 - 2013. Forty-two damaging insect species belonging to six orders: Orthoptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera, were identified. In early spring (during the growth stages of tillering and stem elongation) the most damaging species for early winter sowings (sown during the last decades of September) were stem boring pests. Their complex included adults of Hemiptera, and larvae of Coleoptera and Diptera, among wh ich Opomyza florum and Phorbia fumigata were the most important species. Damages caused by O. florum were prevalent in early sowings, while those caused by P. fumigata were more pronounced in late trit icale sowings (sown in the second and third decade of October). In late spring and early summer (during the growth stages of heading ripening of winter trit icale) the most damaging insects were sap-sucking species from the orders Thysanoptera and Hemiptera, and family Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). The wheat thrips Haplothrips tritici was the most abundant. Twenty five species of Hemiptera from the families Aphididae (3 species), Aphrophoridae (1 species), Cicadellidae (9 species), Delphacidae (1 species), Miridae (5 species), Pentatomidae (4 species) and Scutelleridae (2 species) were found to damage the leaves, spike and grains of winter triticale. The dominant species were Aelia rostrata and Eurygaster maura. Insect pests from the genera Dolerus and Cephus were of insignificant importance.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Forty-two damaging insect species in six orders were identified.
- Taxon
- WINTER TRITICALE
×Triticosecalet0 - Outcome
- damaging insect speciese0
- Value
- Forty-twoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Forty-two damaging insect species belonging to six orders: Orthoptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera, were identified.”
t0“WINTER TRITICALE”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem boring pests were most damaging in early spring on early sown triticale.
- Taxon
- WINTER TRITICALE×Triticosecalet0
- Interactor
- stem boring pestse0pest
- Outcome
- most damaging speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most damaging species for early winter sowings (sown during the last decades of September) were stem boring pests.”
t0“WINTER TRITICALE”
Claim · model-written summary
O. florum damage predominated in early sowings.
- Taxon
- WINTER TRITICALE×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- early sowingse0
- Interactor
- O. florum
Opomyza florume0pest - Outcome
- Damages caused by O. florume0
- Direction
- prevalente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Damages caused by O. florum were prevalent in early sowings”
t0“WINTER TRITICALE”
Claim · model-written summary
P. fumigata damage was more pronounced in late sowings.
- Taxon
- WINTER TRITICALE×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- late trit icale sowingse0
- Interactor
- P. fumigata
Phorbia fumigatae0pest - Outcome
- those caused by P. fumigatae0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“those caused by P. fumigata were more pronounced in late trit icale sowings”
t0“WINTER TRITICALE”
Claim · model-written summary
Sap sucking insects and Cecidomyiidae were most damaging in late spring and early summer.
- Taxon
- winter trit icale×Triticosecalee0
- Interactor
- sap-sucking speciese0pest
- Outcome
- most damaging insectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In late spring and early summer (during the growth stages of heading ripening of winter trit icale) the most damaging insects were sap-sucking species from the orders Thysanoptera and Hemiptera, and family Cecidomyiidae (Diptera).”
Claim · model-written summary
Haplothrips tritici was the most abundant pest.
- Taxon
- WINTER TRITICALE×Triticosecalet0
- Interactor
- Haplothrips triticiHaplothrips triticie0pest
- Outcome
- most abundante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The wheat thrips Haplothrips tritici was the most abundant.”
t0“WINTER TRITICALE”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty five Hemiptera species damaged triticale leaves, spikes and grains.
- Taxon
- winter triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Outcome
- damage the leaves, spike and grainse0
- Value
- Twenty five speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twenty five species of Hemiptera from the families Aphididae (3 species), Aphrophoridae (1 species), Cicadellidae (9 species), Delphacidae (1 species), Miridae (5 species), Pentatomidae (4 species) and Scutelleridae (2 species) were found to damage the leaves, spike and grains of winter triticale.”
Claim · model-written summary
Aelia rostrata and Eurygaster maura were dominant species.
- Taxon
- WINTER TRITICALE×Triticosecalet0
- Outcome
- dominant speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The dominant species were Aelia rostrata and Eurygaster maura.”
t0“WINTER TRITICALE”
Claim · model-written summary
Dolerus and Cephus pests were of insignificant importance.
- Taxon
- WINTER TRITICALE×Triticosecalet0
- Outcome
- insignificant importancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Insect pests from the genera Dolerus and Cephus were of insignificant importance.”
t0“WINTER TRITICALE”