Abstract
Regular monitoring of hemipteran hopper species (including psyllids) associated with small-fruited acid lime trees (Citrus aurantifolia L.) was conducted for four years using motorized insect suction to determine the possible vectors of witches’- broom disease of lime (WBDL). The study was done in two phases: monitoring was done in Habra village, Wilayat Wadi AlMaawal (Batinah region) for one year from June 2000 to May 2001; then monitoring was done in Maharah village, Wilayat AlMusannah (Batinah region), for a period of three years from May 2001 to April 2004. Twelve species of cicadellid leafhoppers and one delpahacid planthopper species were collected, while no psyllids were found. Hishimonus phycitis (Distant) (Cicadellidae) was the most abundant hopper (78.4 % of collected individuals). Next in abundance were Toya sp. (Delphacidae), Circulifera haematiceps? and a deltocephalin leafhopper, respectively constituting 10.4, 3.8 and 2.4 % of the total catches of the four years. Nine other species made up 5% of the total collection: Exitianus nanus (Distant), Cicadulina sp. (either chinai (Ghauri) or storeyi (China)), Emposca distinguenda (Paoli), Amrasca biguttula (Ishihara), Deltocephalus (Recilia) pruthii (Metcalf), Neolimnus aegyptiacus (Mutsumura) and three undetermined species (one Deltocephalinae, one Typhlocybinae and one undeterminable to subfamily). Catches of H. phycitis were highest from November to March and lowest from May to September. There was a significant linear relationship between number of H. phycitis and maximum and mininmum temperature. Relative humidity was not significantly correlated to number of H. phycitis. In Maharah, young lime trees were free from WBDL but the disease incidence increased with age. H. phycitis is the best candidate vector of WBDL. The potential of Toya sp., Circulifera haematiceps? and an undetermined deltocephalin as candidate vectors is discussed. Finally, it is suggested that regular sprayings of acid lime trees with effective systemic insecticides during November to March each year can greatly reduce the vector population and can prevent or delay the spread of the disease to a great extent.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Twelve leafhopper species and one planthopper were collected; no psyllids were found.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve species of cicadellid leafhoppers and one delpahacid planthopper species were collected, while no psyllids were found.”
t0“Acid Lime Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Hishimonus phycitis was most abundant at 78.4% of individuals.
- Taxon
- Acid Lime Plantst0
- Interactor
- Hishimonus phycitisHishimonus phycitise0
- Outcome
- most abundant hoppere0
- Value
- 78.4 %e0
Not reportedInteractor role
Verbatim
e0“Hishimonus phycitis (Distant) (Cicadellidae) was the most abundant hopper (78.4 % of collected individuals).”
t0“Acid Lime Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Toya sp. accounted for 10.4% of catches.
Not reportedInteractor roleValue
Verbatim
e0“Next in abundance were Toya sp. (Delphacidae), Circulifera haematiceps? and a deltocephalin leafhopper, respectively constituting 10.4, 3.8 and 2.4 % of the total catches of the four years.”
t0“Acid Lime Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Circulifera haematiceps accounted for 3.8% of catches.
Not reportedInteractor roleValue
Verbatim
e0“Next in abundance were Toya sp. (Delphacidae), Circulifera haematiceps? and a deltocephalin leafhopper, respectively constituting 10.4, 3.8 and 2.4 % of the total catches of the four years.”
t0“Acid Lime Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
A deltocephalin leafhopper accounted for 2.4% of catches.
- Taxon
- Acid Lime Plantst0
- Interactor
- a deltocephalin leafhoppere0
- Outcome
- total catches of the four yearse0
Not reportedInteractor roleValue
Verbatim
e0“Next in abundance were Toya sp. (Delphacidae), Circulifera haematiceps? and a deltocephalin leafhopper, respectively constituting 10.4, 3.8 and 2.4 % of the total catches of the four years.”
t0“Acid Lime Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine other species comprised 5% of the collection.
Verbatim
e0“Nine other species made up 5% of the total collection”
t0“Acid Lime Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
H. phycitis catches were highest November to March and lowest May to September.
- Taxon
- Acid Lime Plantst0
- Interactor
- H. phycitisHishimonus phycitise0
- Outcome
- Catches of H. phycitise0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedInteractor role
Verbatim
e0“Catches of H. phycitis were highest from November to March and lowest from May to September.”
t0“Acid Lime Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
H. phycitis numbers had a significant linear relation with maximum and minimum temperature.
- Taxon
- Acid Lime Plantst0
- Interactor
- H. phycitisHishimonus phycitise0
- Outcome
- number of H. phycitise0
Not reportedInteractor roleDirection
Verbatim
e0“There was a significant linear relationship between number of H. phycitis and maximum and mininmum temperature.”
t0“Acid Lime Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative humidity did not correlate significantly with H. phycitis numbers.
- Taxon
- Acid Lime Plantst0
- Interactor
- H. phycitisHishimonus phycitise0
- Outcome
- number of H. phycitise0
Not reportedInteractor roleDirection
Verbatim
e0“Relative humidity was not significantly correlated to number of H. phycitis.”
t0“Acid Lime Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
WBDL incidence rose with lime tree age in Maharah.
- Taxon
- lime trees
.jpg?width=60)
Citrus ×aurantiifoliae0 - Organ / stage
- younge0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- Maharahe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In Maharah, young lime trees were free from WBDL but the disease incidence increased with age.”
Claim · model-written summary
H. phycitis was the best candidate WBDL vector.
- Taxon
- Acid Lime Plantst0
- Interactor
- H. phycitisHishimonus phycitise0
- Outcome
- best candidate vector of WBDLe0
Not reportedInteractor role
Verbatim
e0“H. phycitis is the best candidate vector of WBDL.”
t0“Acid Lime Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended regular systemic insecticide spraying in November to March to reduce vectors and disease spread.
Verbatim
e0“regular sprayings of acid lime trees with effective systemic insecticides during November to March each year can greatly reduce the vector population and can prevent or delay the spread of the disease to a great extent.”