Abstract
Bees visiting flowers of Bertholletia excelsa. (Brazil Nut tree) and Couratari tenuicarpa were collected, their behavior described and the pollen found clinging to their dorsal thorax and stored on their legs was identified. Female bees of Xylocopa frontalis(Olivier) and males of Eulaema mocsaryi (Friese) are apparently effective pollinators of Couratari in igapó near Manaus. Female bees of Euplusia seabrai Moure in litt., Epicharis umbraculata (Fabricius), Epicharis rustica (Olivier) and Eulaema nigrita(Lepeletier), as well as male bees of Eulaema cingulata(Fabricius) and Eulaema nigrita are apparently effective pollinators of adult Brazil Nut trees in the Aleixo plantation near Manaus. Only large bees capable of uncurling the floral androecium can effectively pollinate Couratari or Bertholletia.Pollen analysis indicated that all bees captured carried pollen of the host tree in question and had been foraging on flowers of plant species common in secondary growth. Secondary growth near the Aleixo plantation supports a bee guild which appeared to effectively pollinate almost every flower on the Brazil Nut tree studied. Proximity to primary forest (and to those Euglossine bee species which occur only in primary forest) therefore does not appear to be necessary for pollination of Brazil Nut trees.In the Aleixo plantation chronic low fruit set is probably due to some factor other than pollination. Since natural occurrences of Brazil Nut trees to the north and south of Manaus are associated with a higher soil fertility, low production at the Aleixo plantation may be due to deficiencies of the soil.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Female Xylocopa frontalis and male Eulaema mocsaryi bees are apparently effective pollinators of Couratari in igapo near Manaus.
- Interactor
- Xylocopa frontalis
Xylocopa frontalise0pollinator - Second interactor
- Eulaema mocsaryi
Eulaema mocsaryie0pollinator - Outcome
- effective pollinatorse0
- Setting
- igapó near Manause0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Female bees of Xylocopa frontalis(Olivier) and males of Eulaema mocsaryi (Friese) are apparently effective pollinators of Couratari in igapó near Manaus”
Claim · model-written summary
Several bee species are apparently effective pollinators of adult Brazil Nut trees in the Aleixo plantation near Manaus.
- Taxon
- Brazil Nut tree
Bertholletia excelsae1 - Interactor
- Euplusia seabrai Moure in litt.e0pollinator
- Second interactor
- Epicharis umbraculata (Fabricius)
Epicharis umbraculatae0pollinator - Outcome
- effective pollinatorse0
- Qualifier
- Epicharis rustica (Olivier) and Eulaema nigrita(Lepeletier), as well as male bees of Eulaema cingulata(Fabricius) and Eulaema nigritae0
- Setting
- Aleixo plantation near Manause0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Female bees of Euplusia seabrai Moure in litt., Epicharis umbraculata (Fabricius), Epicharis rustica (Olivier) and Eulaema nigrita(Lepeletier), as well as male bees of Eulaema cingulata(Fabricius) and Eulaema nigrita are apparently effective pollinators of adult Brazil Nut trees in the Aleixo plantation near Manaus”
e1“Bees visiting flowers of Bertholletia excelsa. (Brazil Nut tree)”
Claim · model-written summary
Only large bees able to uncurl the floral androecium can effectively pollinate Couratari or Bertholletia.
- Taxon
- Couratari or Bertholletia
Bertholletia
Couratarie0 - Interactor
- large beese0pollinator
- Outcome
- effectively pollinatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only large bees capable of uncurling the floral androecium can effectively pollinate Couratari or Bertholletia”
Claim · model-written summary
All captured bees carried pollen of the host tree in question and had foraged on flowers of plant species common in secondary growth.
- Taxon
- Brazil Nut treeBertholletia excelsae1
- Interactor
- beesAnthophilae0pollinator
- Outcome
- carried pollen of the host treee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pollen analysis indicated that all bees captured carried pollen of the host tree in question and had been foraging on flowers of plant species common in secondary growth”
e1“Bees visiting flowers of Bertholletia excelsa. (Brazil Nut tree)”
Claim · model-written summary
Secondary growth near the Aleixo plantation supports a bee guild that appeared to pollinate almost every flower on the Brazil Nut tree studied.
- Taxon
- Brazil Nut treeBertholletia excelsae0
- Interactor
- bee guilde0pollinator
- Outcome
- effectively pollinate almost every flowere0
- Setting
- Aleixo plantatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Secondary growth near the Aleixo plantation supports a bee guild which appeared to effectively pollinate almost every flower on the Brazil Nut tree studied”
Claim · model-written summary
Proximity to primary forest and to primary-forest Euglossine bee species does not appear necessary for pollination of Brazil Nut trees.
- Taxon
- Brazil Nut treesBertholletia excelsae0
- Interactor
- Euglossine beee0pollinator
- Outcome
- pollinatione0
- Qualifier
- does not appear to be necessarye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proximity to primary forest (and to those Euglossine bee species which occur only in primary forest) therefore does not appear to be necessary for pollination of Brazil Nut trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Chronic low fruit set in the Aleixo plantation is probably due to some factor other than pollination.
- Taxon
- Brazil Nut treeBertholletia excelsae1
- Outcome
- chronic low fruit sete0
- Qualifier
- some factor other than pollinatione0
- Setting
- Aleixo plantatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the Aleixo plantation chronic low fruit set is probably due to some factor other than pollination”
e1“Bees visiting flowers of Bertholletia excelsa. (Brazil Nut tree)”
Claim · model-written summary
Natural occurrences of Brazil Nut trees north and south of Manaus are associated with higher soil fertility.
- Taxon
- Brazil Nut treesBertholletia excelsae0
- Outcome
- natural occurrencese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- higher soil fertilitye0
- Setting
- north and south of Manause0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“natural occurrences of Brazil Nut trees to the north and south of Manaus are associated with a higher soil fertility”
Claim · model-written summary
Low production at the Aleixo plantation may be due to soil deficiencies.
- Taxon
- Brazil Nut treeBertholletia excelsae1
- Outcome
- low productione0
- Qualifier
- deficiencies of the soile0
- Setting
- Aleixo plantatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low production at the Aleixo plantation may be due to deficiencies of the soil”
e1“Bees visiting flowers of Bertholletia excelsa. (Brazil Nut tree)”