Abstract
Rainy season maize contributes 85% of the total maize area in India. Among major Rabi maize growing States, earlier Andhra Pradesh contributed maximum with 45.5% share. The present review reveals that Echinochloa colona L. is the most dominant weed species with importance value index (IVI) of 37.64 followed by Panicum repens L. (32.29), Trianthema portulacastrum L. (16.33) and Digera arvensis L Forsk (13.37). Wider spacing and initial slow growth of maize during the first 3–4 weeks provides enough opportunity for weeds to invade and offer severe competition, resulting in 30–93% yield losses. Among weed management practices, hand weeding twice at 15–21 DAS and 30–42 DAS, and integrated weed management like pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.5 kg/ha, pendimethalin 1.50 kg/ha, atrazine + alachlor 0.75 + 1.25 kg/ha, or alachlor 1.5 kg/ha followed by hand weeding at 30 DAS was found effective. Among sequential applications, atrazine as pre-emergence 1.25 kg/ha, or pendimethalin as preemergence 1.5 kg/ha followed by paraquat 0.6 kg/ha at 3 weeks after sowing or atrazine 1.0 kg/ha as preemergence followed by topramazone 0.030 kg/ha at 30 DAS were found economical with higher gross returns, net returns and B: C.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Echinochloa colona was the dominant weed with IVI 37.64.
- Interactor
- Echinochloa colona L.
Echinochloa colonae0weed - Outcome
- importance value index (IVI)e0
- Direction
- most dominante0
- Value
- 37.64e0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Echinochloa colona L. is the most dominant weed species with importance value index (IVI) of 37.64”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Panicum repens had IVI 32.29.
- Interactor
- Panicum repens L.
.jpg?width=60)
Panicum repense0weed - Outcome
- Panicum repens L.e0
- Value
- 32.29e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Panicum repens L. (32.29)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Trianthema portulacastrum had IVI 16.33.
- Interactor
- Trianthema portulacastrum L.
Trianthema portulacastrume0weed - Outcome
- Trianthema portulacastrum L.e0
- Value
- 16.33e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trianthema portulacastrum L. (16.33)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Digera arvensis had IVI 13.37.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Digera arvensis L Forsk (13.37)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Early weed competition was reported to cause 30–93% maize yield losses.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wider spacing and initial slow growth of maize during the first 3–4 weeks provides enough opportunity for weeds to invade and offer severe competition, resulting in 30–93% yield losses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Twice hand weeding was found effective.
- Outcome
- hand weeding twice at 15–21 DAS and 30–42 DASe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hand weeding twice at 15–21 DAS and 30–42 DAS”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence atrazine followed by hand weeding was found effective.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.5 kg/ha, pendimethalin 1.50 kg/ha, atrazine + alachlor 0.75 + 1.25 kg/ha, or alachlor 1.5 kg/ha followed by hand weeding at 30 DAS was found effective.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence pendimethalin followed by hand weeding was found effective.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pendimethalin 1.50 kg/ha, atrazine + alachlor 0.75 + 1.25 kg/ha, or alachlor 1.5 kg/ha followed by hand weeding at 30 DAS was found effective.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence atrazine plus alachlor followed by hand weeding was effective.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“atrazine + alachlor 0.75 + 1.25 kg/ha, or alachlor 1.5 kg/ha followed by hand weeding at 30 DAS was found effective.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence alachlor followed by hand weeding was effective.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alachlor 1.5 kg/ha followed by hand weeding at 30 DAS was found effective.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential atrazine then paraquat was economical with higher returns.
- Treatment
- atrazine as pre-emergence 1.25 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- higher gross returns, net returns and B: Ce0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“atrazine as pre-emergence 1.25 kg/ha, or pendimethalin as preemergence 1.5 kg/ha followed by paraquat 0.6 kg/ha at 3 weeks after sowing or atrazine 1.0 kg/ha as preemergence followed by topramazone 0.030 kg/ha at 30 DAS were found economical with higher gross returns, net returns and B: C.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential pendimethalin then paraquat was economical with higher returns.
- Treatment
- pendimethalin as preemergence 1.5 kg/ha followed by paraquat 0.6 kg/ha at 3 weeks after sowinge0
- Outcome
- higher gross returns, net returns and B: Ce0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pendimethalin as preemergence 1.5 kg/ha followed by paraquat 0.6 kg/ha at 3 weeks after sowing or atrazine 1.0 kg/ha as preemergence followed by topramazone 0.030 kg/ha at 30 DAS were found economical with higher gross returns, net returns and B: C.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential atrazine then topramazone was economical with higher returns.
- Treatment
- atrazine 1.0 kg/ha as preemergence followed by topramazone 0.030 kg/ha at 30 DASe0
- Outcome
- higher gross returns, net returns and B: Ce0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“atrazine 1.0 kg/ha as preemergence followed by topramazone 0.030 kg/ha at 30 DAS were found economical with higher gross returns, net returns and B: C.”
t0“maize”