Abstract
Through field surveys and laboratory experiments, this study assessed in part the impacts of host plant, natural enemies, and weather variables on coffee leafminer Leucoptera coffeella distribution and abundance at two elevations and two rainfall levels in coffee farms in Chiapas, Mexico. In addition, a checklist of Neotropical coffee leafminer parasitoids was assembled from field collections and literature review. Coffee leafminer field incidence was positively correlated with leaf nitrogen content and age, but in laboratory experiments coffee leafminers grew larger, developed faster, and had higher survivorship on leaves with moderate (2.9±0.01%) versus low (2.5±0.04%) or high (3.4±0.01%) nitrogen level, and on tough versus soft leaves. Ovipositional preference was not generally for leaves that maximized offspring performance. Coffee leafminer incidence was higher during the rainy versus dry season, and at low versus high elevation. Shade cover reduced ambient temperatures within coffee farms, but did not significantly affect coffee leafminer incidence. The coffee leafminer predator complex included 16 morphospecies, ~88% of them ants (Formicidae), and contributed >58% of real mortality. Predation rates were higher at high versus low elevation, and under high versus low rainfall. Predation was the main source of coffee leafminer mortality throughout the year, and was highest during the rainy season, when coffee leafminer incidence was highest. Neotropical coffee leafminer parasitoids included 23 species of Eulophidae and seven of Braconidae. In Chiapas, 22 larval parasitoid morphospecies were collected. Egg and pupal parasitoids were not recovered. Parasitism accounted for <10% of real mortality, and rates were 8-10-fold higher at low versus high elevation. Parasitism rates were not significantly influenced by temperature or rainfall. Coffee leafminer oviposited mostly during the night, and less under low versus high temperatures. Average monthly temperature minima, which occur during the night, were generally lower at high (~18 oC) versus low (~20 oC) elevation farms. The incidence and abundance of coffee leafminer may differ between elevations due to differences in temperature, because at high elevation lower temperatures likely reduced coffee leafminer oviposition, and may have increased its mortality rate as a consequence of longer development time and exposure to natural enemies.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Coffee leafminer incidence increased with leaf nitrogen content and age.
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Interactor
- Coffee leafminere0pest
- Outcome
- Coffee leafminer field incidencee0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
CoffeaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Coffee leafminer field incidence was positively correlated with leaf nitrogen content and age”
Claim · model-written summary
Coffee leafminers grew larger on moderate nitrogen leaves than low or high nitrogen leaves.
- Interactor
- coffee leafminerse0pest
- Outcome
- coffee leafminers grew largere0
- Direction
- largere0
- Qualifier
- moderate (2.9±0.01%) versus low (2.5±0.04%) or high (3.4±0.01%) nitrogen levele0
- Comparator
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“coffee leafminers grew larger, developed faster, and had higher survivorship on leaves with moderate (2.9±0.01%) versus low (2.5±0.04%) or high (3.4±0.01%) nitrogen level”
Claim · model-written summary
Coffee leafminers developed faster on moderate nitrogen leaves.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“coffee leafminers grew larger, developed faster, and had higher survivorship on leaves with moderate (2.9±0.01%) versus low (2.5±0.04%) or high (3.4±0.01%) nitrogen level”
Claim · model-written summary
Coffee leafminers survived better on moderate nitrogen leaves.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“coffee leafminers grew larger, developed faster, and had higher survivorship on leaves with moderate (2.9±0.01%) versus low (2.5±0.04%) or high (3.4±0.01%) nitrogen level”
Claim · model-written summary
Coffee leafminers performed better on tough than soft leaves.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and on tough versus soft leaves.”
t0“coffee leafminer”
Claim · model-written summary
Oviposition preference did not generally favor leaves that maximized offspring performance.
- Interactor
- leafminert0pest
- Outcome
- Ovipositional preference was not generally for leaves that maximized offspring performancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ovipositional preference was not generally for leaves that maximized offspring performance.”
t0“coffee leafminer”
Claim · model-written summary
Coffee leafminer incidence was higher in rainy than dry seasons.
- Interactor
- Coffee leafminere0pest
- Outcome
- Coffee leafminer incidencee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Setting
- rainy versus dry seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Coffee leafminer incidence was higher during the rainy versus dry season”
Claim · model-written summary
Coffee leafminer incidence was higher at low than high elevation.
- Interactor
- Coffee leafminere0pest
- Outcome
- Coffee leafminer incidencee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Setting
- low versus high elevatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Coffee leafminer incidence was higher during the rainy versus dry season, and at low versus high elevation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Shade cover reduced ambient temperatures in coffee farms.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shade cover reduced ambient temperatures within coffee farms”
Claim · model-written summary
Shade cover had no significant association with coffee leafminer incidence.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shade cover reduced ambient temperatures within coffee farms, but did not significantly affect coffee leafminer incidence.”
Claim · model-written summary
The predator complex comprised 16 morphospecies, about 88% ants.
- Interactor
- coffee leafminere0pest
- Second interactor
- ants (Formicidae)Formicidaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- coffee leafminer predator complexe0
- Value
- 16 morphospeciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The coffee leafminer predator complex included 16 morphospecies, ~88% of them ants (Formicidae)”
Claim · model-written summary
Predators contributed over 58% of coffee leafminer real mortality.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and contributed >58% of real mortality.”
t0“coffee leafminer”
Claim · model-written summary
Coffee leafminer predation was higher at high than low elevation.
- Interactor
- leafminert0pest
- Outcome
- Predation ratese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Setting
- high versus low elevatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Predation rates were higher at high versus low elevation”
t0“coffee leafminer”
Claim · model-written summary
Coffee leafminer predation was higher under high than low rainfall.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Predation rates were higher at high versus low elevation, and under high versus low rainfall.”
t0“coffee leafminer”
Claim · model-written summary
Predation was the main coffee leafminer mortality source year round and peaked in rainy season.
- Interactor
- coffee leafminere0pest
- Outcome
- coffee leafminer mortalitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- rainy seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Predation was the main source of coffee leafminer mortality throughout the year, and was highest during the rainy season”
Claim · model-written summary
The Neotropical coffee leafminer parasitoid list included 23 Eulophidae species and seven Braconidae species.
- Interactor
- coffee leafminere0pest
- Outcome
- coffee leafminer parasitoidse0
- Value
- 23 species of Eulophidaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neotropical coffee leafminer parasitoids included 23 species of Eulophidae and seven of Braconidae.”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-two larval parasitoid morphospecies were collected in Chiapas, with no egg or pupal parasitoids recovered.
- Interactor
- leafminert0pest
- Outcome
- larval parasitoid morphospeciese0
- Value
- 22 larval parasitoid morphospeciese0
- Setting
- Chiapase0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Chiapas, 22 larval parasitoid morphospecies were collected. Egg and pupal parasitoids were not recovered.”
t0“coffee leafminer”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitism accounted for under 10% of coffee leafminer real mortality.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parasitism accounted for <10% of real mortality”
t0“coffee leafminer”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitism was 8 to 10 times higher at low than high elevation and was not significantly related to temperature or rainfall.
- Interactor
- leafminert0pest
- Outcome
- Parasitism ratese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 8-10-folde0
- Setting
- low versus high elevatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rates were 8-10-fold higher at low versus high elevation. Parasitism rates were not significantly influenced by temperature or rainfall.”
t0“coffee leafminer”
Claim · model-written summary
Coffee leafminer mostly oviposited at night and less under low temperatures; cooler high elevation nights may help explain lower incidence.
- Interactor
- Coffee leafminere0pest
- Outcome
- Coffee leafminer oviposited mostly during the nighte0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Setting
- during the nighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Coffee leafminer oviposited mostly during the night, and less under low versus high temperatures.”
t0“coffee leafminer”