Abstract
Dwarf dogwoods (Cornus subg. Arctocrania) comprise a species complex that exhibits considerable intermediacy between two morphological extremes. To investigate whether distinct species can be recognized and whether intermediacy represents incomplete divergence from an existing ancestor, or secondary hybridization from separate ancestors, 4,000 herbarium specimens, mostly from North America, were initially divided into five groups on the basis of petal color and the presence or absence of non-chlorophyllous scale leaves at the second and third nodes below the inflorescence. From these, 302 specimens were selected, by stratified haphazard sampling, and measured for 12 morphometric characters. Canonical discriminant analysis indicated that the Ma- halanobis distances among all five groups were significant. Discriminant function analysis identified four of the five groups at least 91% of the time, and identified the fifth group 66.8% of the time. In an attempt to reduce the effects of plant size in the analysis, nine ratios were created from the original data set and included in a principal components analysis. Univariate statistics were examined and compared for the 12 variables and nine ratios. The distributions of autapomorphies were compared with the distribution of the morphometric variables. This combination of morphometric and phylogenetic analyses supported the recognition of the morphological extremes as C. canadensis and C. suecica, of C. unalaschkensis as a tetraploid product of hybridization between C. canadensis and C. suecica, and of two intermediate groups, one produced by introgression toward C. canadensis and the other produced by introgression toward C. suecica. Distributions of the groups were mapped and explained in terms of hybridization during the breakup of the Late Wisconsinan and Weischelian
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Mahalanobis distances among all five dogwood groups were significant.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Canonical discriminant analysis indicated that the Ma- halanobis distances among all five groups were significant.”
t0“Dwarf Dogwoods”
Claim · model-written summary
Discriminant analysis identified four groups at least 91% of the time.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Discriminant function analysis identified four of the five groups at least 91% of the time”
t0“Dwarf Dogwoods”
Claim · model-written summary
Discriminant analysis identified the fifth group 66.8% of the time.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“identified the fifth group 66.8% of the time.”
t0“Dwarf Dogwoods”
Claim · model-written summary
Analyses supported C. canadensis as a morphological extreme species.
- Taxon
- C. canadensis
Cornus canadensise0 - Outcome
- recognition of the morphological extremese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supported the recognition of the morphological extremes as C. canadensis and C. suecica”
Claim · model-written summary
Analyses supported C. suecica as a morphological extreme species.
- Taxon
- C. suecica
Cornus suecicae0 - Outcome
- recognition of the morphological extremese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supported the recognition of the morphological extremes as C. canadensis and C. suecica”
Claim · model-written summary
C. unalaschkensis was supported as a tetraploid hybrid of C. canadensis and C. suecica.
- Taxon
- C. unalaschkensis
Cornus unalaschkensise0 - Outcome
- tetraploid product of hybridizatione0
- Qualifier
- between C. canadensis and C. suecicae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“of C. unalaschkensis as a tetraploid product of hybridization between C. canadensis and C. suecica”
Claim · model-written summary
One intermediate group was interpreted as introgression toward C. canadensis.
- Taxon
- C. canadensisCornus canadensise0
- Outcome
- introgression toward C. canadensise0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two intermediate groups, one produced by introgression toward C. canadensis and the other produced by introgression toward C. suecica.”
Claim · model-written summary
The other intermediate group was interpreted as introgression toward C. suecica.
- Taxon
- C. suecicaCornus suecicae0
- Outcome
- introgression toward C. suecicae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the other produced by introgression toward C. suecica.”
Claim · model-written summary
Group distributions were mapped and explained through hybridization during glacial breakup.
Verbatim
e0“Distributions of the groups were mapped and explained in terms of hybridization during the breakup of the Late Wisconsinan and Weischelian”
t0“Dwarf Dogwoods”