Abstract
A field survey was made of the annual biomass changes of Trapa natans L., a floating-leaved plant, from 1985 to 1986 in a natural stand in Takahamairi Bay of Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Aerial photographic surveys were done from 1985 to 1990. In addition to the photographs, vegetation maps from 1972 to 1990 were made, based on photographs of 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984. A violent wind during a typhoon in late August 1985 caused a subsequent decrease in the stand of Trapa natans whose maximum biomass was 340 g dry weight m-2 before the typhoon. The stand recovered in 1986 from buried seed and seed generated before the typhoon. Because the plant floats at the end of a long stem, the sudden rise in water level (100 cm) after the typhoon in August 1986 did not cause a subsequent decrease in the stand of Trapa natans wherever strong water current were absent. The violence of winds and water currents during the growing period are important factors in determining the survival of Trapa natans in Lake Kasumigaura. Due to buried seeds and long stem length, the stands of Trapa natans survive in spite of frequent disturbances.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum biomass of Trapa natans before the typhoon was 340 g dry weight m-2.
- Taxon
- Trapa natans
Trapa natanse1 - Outcome
- maximum biomasse1
- Value
- 340 g dry weight m-2e1
- Qualifier
- before the typhoone1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A violent wind during a typhoon in late August 1985 caused a subsequent decrease in the stand of Trapa natans whose maximum biomass was 340 g dry weight m-2 before the typhoon”
Claim · model-written summary
A violent typhoon wind in August 1985 decreased the Trapa natans stand.
- Taxon
- Trapa natansTrapa natanse1
- Treatment
- A violent wind during a typhoon in late August 1985e1
- Outcome
- stande1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A violent wind during a typhoon in late August 1985 caused a subsequent decrease in the stand of Trapa natans whose maximum biomass was 340 g dry weight m-2 before the typhoon”
Claim · model-written summary
The Trapa natans stand recovered in 1986 from buried seed and seed produced before the typhoon.
- Taxon
- Trapa natansTrapa natanst0
- Treatment
- buried seed and seed generated before the typhoone2
- Outcome
- stande2
- Direction
- recoverede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trapa natans L.”
e2“The stand recovered in 1986 from buried seed and seed generated before the typhoon”
Claim · model-written summary
The water-level rise after the August 1986 typhoon did not reduce the Trapa natans stand where currents were absent.
- Taxon
- Trapa natansTrapa natanse3
- Treatment
- sudden rise in water level (100 cm)e3
- Outcome
- stande3
- Direction
- did not cause a subsequent decreasee3
- Qualifier
- wherever strong water current were absente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“the sudden rise in water level (100 cm) after the typhoon in August 1986 did not cause a subsequent decrease in the stand of Trapa natans wherever strong water current were absent”
Claim · model-written summary
Winds and water currents during the growing period are important for the survival of Trapa natans.
- Taxon
- Trapa natansTrapa natanse4
- Treatment
- violence of winds and water currentse4
- Outcome
- survivale4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The violence of winds and water currents during the growing period are important factors in determining the survival of Trapa natans in Lake Kasumigaura”
Claim · model-written summary
Buried seeds and long stem length let Trapa natans stands survive frequent disturbances.
- Taxon
- Trapa natansTrapa natanse5
- Outcome
- survivee5
- Qualifier
- buried seeds and long stem lengthe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Due to buried seeds and long stem length, the stands of Trapa natans survive in spite of frequent disturbances”