Abstract
Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare the effectiveness of emulsifiable and dust formulations of Bayer 29493 (O,O-dimethyl 0-[4-(methylthio)-m-tolyl] phosphorothioate), Pyrenone Grain Protectant® (0.08% pyrethrins, 1.20% piperonyl butoxide), Dipterex® (O,O-dimethyl 2,2,2-trichloro-lhydroxyethyl phosphonate) and agricultural grade malathion as protectants for small red beans (Phaseolus angularis) from damage by Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). Where direct comparisons permitted, the emulsifiables proved generally more effective than the dusts. Bayer 29493 emulsifiable as low as 4 ppm gave longer and better protection than other materials. Malathion EC at 4 ppm and Bayer 29493 dust at 16 ppm were second in general efficacy. Pyrenone Grain Protectant dusts containing 1.6 and 2.4 ppm pyrethrins and 24 and 36 ppm piperonyl butoxide in one trial compared favorably with Bayer 29493 EC at 4 ppm and malathion EC at 2 and 4 ppm 30 days after application. While Bayer 29493 EC, malathion EC and Pyrenone Grain Protectant dust show promise against C. chinensis, more trails over longer periods must be undertaken to evaluate their usefulness fully. Viability in the beans from the less effective treatments was low, probably owing to extensive weevil damage rather than to phytotoxicity resulting from the insecticide. Washing the beans immediately after treating with Bayer 29492 EC and malathion EC and Pyrcnone Grain Protectant dust and again at 30 days greatly reduced the efficacy of the treatments.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Emulsifiable formulations were generally more effective protectants than dust formulations.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus angularis
Vigna angularise0 - Treatment
- emulsifiablese1
- Interactor
- Callosobruchus chinensis
_male.jpg?width=60)
Callosobruchus chinensise0pest - Outcome
- effectivee1
- Direction
- more effectivee1
- Comparator
- dustse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_male.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“small red beans (Phaseolus angularis) from damage by Callosobruchus chinensis (L.)”
e1“Where direct comparisons permitted, the emulsifiables proved generally more effective than the dusts”
Claim · model-written summary
Bayer 29493 emulsifiable at 4 ppm gave longer and better protection than other materials.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus angularisVigna angularise0
- Treatment
- Bayer 29493 emulsifiable as low as 4 ppme2
- Interactor
- Callosobruchus chinensisCallosobruchus chinensise0pest
- Outcome
- longer and better protectione2
- Direction
- bettere2
- Comparator
- other materialse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“small red beans (Phaseolus angularis) from damage by Callosobruchus chinensis (L.)”
e2“Bayer 29493 emulsifiable as low as 4 ppm gave longer and better protection than other materials”
Claim · model-written summary
Malathion EC at 4 ppm and Bayer 29493 dust at 16 ppm were second in general efficacy.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus angularisVigna angularise0
- Treatment
- Malathion EC at 4 ppm and Bayer 29493 dust at 16 ppme3
- Interactor
- Callosobruchus chinensisCallosobruchus chinensise0pest
- Outcome
- general efficacye3
- Direction
- seconde3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“small red beans (Phaseolus angularis) from damage by Callosobruchus chinensis (L.)”
e3“Malathion EC at 4 ppm and Bayer 29493 dust at 16 ppm were second in general efficacy”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrenone Grain Protectant dusts compared favorably with Bayer 29493 EC at 4 ppm and malathion EC at 2 and 4 ppm in one trial.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus angularisVigna angularise0
- Treatment
- Pyrenone Grain Protectant dusts containing 1.6 and 2.4 ppm pyrethrins and 24 and 36 ppm piperonyl butoxidee4
- Interactor
- Callosobruchus chinensisCallosobruchus chinensise0pest
- Outcome
- compared favorablye4
- Direction
- favorablye4
- Comparator
- Bayer 29493 EC at 4 ppm and malathion EC at 2 and 4 ppme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“small red beans (Phaseolus angularis) from damage by Callosobruchus chinensis (L.)”
e4“Pyrenone Grain Protectant dusts containing 1.6 and 2.4 ppm pyrethrins and 24 and 36 ppm piperonyl butoxide in one trial compared favorably with Bayer 29493 EC at 4 ppm and malathion EC at 2 and 4 ppm 30 days after application”
Claim · model-written summary
Bean viability was low for the less effective treatments, probably owing to weevil damage rather than phytotoxicity.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus angularisVigna angularise0
- Treatment
- less effective treatmentse5
- Outcome
- Viability in the beanse5
- Direction
- lowe5
- Qualifier
- probably owing to extensive weevil damagee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“small red beans (Phaseolus angularis) from damage by Callosobruchus chinensis (L.)”
e5“Viability in the beans from the less effective treatments was low, probably owing to extensive weevil damage rather than to phytotoxicity resulting from the insecticide”
Claim · model-written summary
Washing the beans after treatment greatly reduced the efficacy of the treatments.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus angularisVigna angularise0
- Treatment
- Washing the beanse6
- Outcome
- efficacy of the treatmentse6
- Direction
- greatly reducede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“small red beans (Phaseolus angularis) from damage by Callosobruchus chinensis (L.)”
e6“Washing the beans immediately after treating with Bayer 29492 EC and malathion EC and Pyrcnone Grain Protectant dust and again at 30 days greatly reduced the efficacy of the treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Bayer 29493 EC, malathion EC and Pyrenone Grain Protectant dust show promise against Callosobruchus chinensis.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus angularisVigna angularise0
- Treatment
- Bayer 29493 EC, malathion EC and Pyrenone Grain Protectant duste7
- Interactor
- C. chinensisCallosobruchus chinensise7pest
- Outcome
- show promise against C. chinensise7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“small red beans (Phaseolus angularis) from damage by Callosobruchus chinensis (L.)”
e7“While Bayer 29493 EC, malathion EC and Pyrenone Grain Protectant dust show promise against C. chinensis”