Abstract
I. A Field-Oriented Simulation Model A simulation model for pink bollworm (PBW) and cotton was developed, field validated, and incorporated into an industry sponsored regional PBW management program for southwestern desert cotton. The PBW model differs from earlier versions in its incorporation of stochastic development, the expansion of the concept of physiological time to include nutritional influences of the cotton host on larval development, and its ability to simulate the kinds of data typically collected by pest control advisors when monitoring cotton for pink bollworm. II. A Strategic Management Model A simulation model of pink bollworm populations, as affected by insecticide and pheromone applications in cotton, is described. The simulation results compared favorably to field data. The study indicates that use of sex pheromone for control of pink bollworm by mating disruption inversely depends on density and therefore is most effective in the early season when populations are low. Compared to untreated fields, pheromone-treated fields show delayed population peaks and reduced overall infestation. Pheromone applications in the early season delay but do not obviate the need to spray insecticide to limit infestation levels. III. Strategies for Control: An Economic Simulation Study The cotton-pink bollworm model and the management model developed by Stone and Gutierrez (I and II of this series) are used to evaluate different strategies for controlling pink bollworm in the southwestern desert. Pesticide sprays based on an ultraconservative economic threshold of 2 percent infested bolls are found to be the most profitable in the absence of penalties for heavy insecticide use. Insecticide sprayed on thresholds over 8 percent infested bolls did not control pink bollworm. Pheromone in combination with insecticide greatly enhanced profits and was the best workable strategy tested since a 2 percent threshold is probably too difficult to sample accurately in the field. The efficacy of using early season insecticide applications at and before the first hostable squares are present is discussed, as is the possible impact of early season insecticide applications on beneficial insect populations.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The pink bollworm–cotton simulation model was field validated and incorporated into regional management.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Interactor
- pink bollworm
Pectinophora gossypiellae0pest - Outcome
- field validatede0
- Comparator
- regional PBW management programe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A simulation model for pink bollworm (PBW) and cotton was developed, field validated, and incorporated into an industry sponsored regional PBW management program for southwestern desert cotton.”
Claim · model-written summary
The PBW model added stochastic development, nutritional influences of cotton on larvae, and simulation of advisor monitoring data.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Interactor
- pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiellae0pest
- Outcome
- ability to simulate the kinds of data typically collected by pest control advisorse0
- Comparator
- earlier versionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The PBW model differs from earlier versions in its incorporation of stochastic development, the expansion of the concept of physiological time to include nutritional influences of the cotton host on larval development, and its ability to simulate the kinds of data typically collected by pest control advisors when monitoring cotton for pink bollworm.”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated pink bollworm populations compared favorably with field data.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Interactor
- pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiellae1pest
- Outcome
- simulation resultse0
- Direction
- compared favorablye0
- Comparator
- field datae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The simulation results compared favorably to field data.”
e1“A simulation model of pink bollworm populations, as affected by insecticide and pheromone applications in cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Mating disruption with sex pheromone was more effective at low early season pink bollworm density.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- sex pheromonee0
- Interactor
- pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiellae0pest
- Outcome
- control of pink bollworm by mating disruptione0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Qualifier
- early season when populations are lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“use of sex pheromone for control of pink bollworm by mating disruption inversely depends on density and therefore is most effective in the early season when populations are low.”
e1“applications in cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Pheromone treatment delayed pink bollworm population peaks compared with untreated fields.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- pheromone-treated fieldse0
- Interactor
- pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiellae1pest
- Outcome
- population peakse0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Comparator
- untreated fieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to untreated fields, pheromone-treated fields show delayed population peaks and reduced overall infestation.”
e1“pink bollworm populations, as affected by insecticide and pheromone applications in cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Pheromone treatment reduced overall pink bollworm infestation compared with untreated fields.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- pheromone-treated fieldse0
- Interactor
- pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiellae1pest
- Outcome
- overall infestatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- untreated fieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to untreated fields, pheromone-treated fields show delayed population peaks and reduced overall infestation.”
e1“pink bollworm populations, as affected by insecticide and pheromone applications in cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Early season pheromone delayed but did not remove the need for insecticide to limit infestation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- Pheromone applications in the early seasone0
- Interactor
- pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiellae2pest
- Outcome
- need to spray insecticide to limit infestation levelse0
- Direction
- do not obviatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pheromone applications in the early season delay but do not obviate the need to spray insecticide to limit infestation levels.”
e1“applications in cotton”
e2“pink bollworm populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprays triggered at a 2 percent infested-boll threshold were most profitable without penalties for heavy insecticide use.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- Pesticide sprays based on an ultraconservative economic threshold of 2 percent infested bollse0
- Interactor
- pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiellae2pest
- Outcome
- most profitablee0
- Direction
- most profitablee0
- Qualifier
- in the absence of penalties for heavy insecticide usee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pesticide sprays based on an ultraconservative economic threshold of 2 percent infested bolls are found to be the most profitable in the absence of penalties for heavy insecticide use.”
e1“southwestern desert cotton”
e2“pink bollworm in the southwestern desert”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticide thresholds above 8 percent infested bolls failed to control pink bollworm.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- Insecticide sprayed on thresholds over 8 percent infested bollse0
- Interactor
- pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiellae0pest
- Outcome
- control pink bollworme0
- Direction
- did not controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Insecticide sprayed on thresholds over 8 percent infested bolls did not control pink bollworm.”
e1“southwestern desert cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining pheromone with insecticide greatly increased profits.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- Pheromone in combination with insecticidee0
- Interactor
- pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiellae2pest
- Outcome
- profitse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pheromone in combination with insecticide greatly enhanced profits”
e1“southwestern desert cotton”
e2“pink bollworm in the southwestern desert”
Claim · model-written summary
The pheromone and insecticide combination was the best workable tested strategy because a 2 percent threshold was probably hard to sample accurately.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- Pheromone in combination with insecticidee1
- Interactor
- pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiellae3pest
- Outcome
- best workable strategy testede0
- Qualifier
- 2 percent threshold is probably too difficult to sample accurately in the fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was the best workable strategy tested since a 2 percent threshold is probably too difficult to sample accurately in the field.”
e1“Pheromone in combination with insecticide greatly enhanced profits”
e2“southwestern desert cotton”
e3“pink bollworm in the southwestern desert”
The same questions in other papers
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application · Pectinophora gossypiella · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
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See all 13 papers →insecticide · Pectinophora gossypiella · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
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See all 17 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.