Abstract
Twenty-eight worldwide reports of massive mangrove tree mortalities are reviewed. Massive mortality is defined as tree mortalities that occur in response to rapid environmental change and affect all size dasses. Massive mortality occurs in addition to normal tree mortality. Normal tree mortality was described using structural data from 114 mangrove stands. This mortality is density dependent, follows orderly time dependent patterns dictated by stand maturation (related to average tree diameter), and usually occurs in the smaller diameter size classes. Disease and other biotic factors do not appear to be primary causes of massive mangrove mortalities. Instead, these factors appear to attack forests weakened by changes in the physical environment. Mangrove environments are dynamic and cyclical and mangrove associations adapt to such environments by both growing and dying fast. Mangrove species' characteristics such as the capacity to produce large quantities of propagules that take advantage of dispersal agents, sharp species zonations, and even-aged populations contribute to the rapid growth-mortality c cles in mangroves. Humans may tilt the balance towards higher mortality rates by introducing chronic stressors that inhibit regeneration mechanisms. MANGROVE FORESTS ARE DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEMS. Factors uch as sedimentation rates, soil subsidence, freshwater run-off, tidal forces, and changes in sea level influence mangrove growth and survival. In response, mangrove species ar-
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Normal mangrove tree mortality is density dependent.
Verbatim
e0“This mortality is density dependent”
t0“Mangrove Forests”
Claim · model-written summary
Normal mangrove tree mortality follows orderly time dependent patterns dictated by stand maturation.
Verbatim
e0“follows orderly time dependent patterns dictated by stand maturation (related to average tree diameter)”
t0“Mangrove Forests”
Claim · model-written summary
Normal mangrove tree mortality usually occurs in the smaller diameter size classes.
Verbatim
e0“usually occurs in the smaller diameter size classes”
t0“Mangrove Forests”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease and other biotic factors do not appear to be primary causes of massive mangrove mortalities.
Verbatim
e0“Disease and other biotic factors do not appear to be primary causes of massive mangrove mortalities”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease and other biotic factors appear to attack mangrove forests weakened by changes in the physical environment.
Verbatim
e0“these factors appear to attack forests weakened by changes in the physical environment”
t0“Mangrove Forests”
Claim · model-written summary
Mangrove species characteristics such as large propagule production, sharp zonation and even-aged populations contribute to rapid growth-mortality cycles in mangroves.
Verbatim
e0“Mangrove species' characteristics such as the capacity to produce large quantities of propagules that take advantage of dispersal agents, sharp species zonations, and even-aged populations contribute to the rapid growth-mortality c cles in mangroves”
Claim · model-written summary
Humans may raise mangrove mortality rates by introducing chronic stressors that inhibit regeneration mechanisms.
Verbatim
e0“Humans may tilt the balance towards higher mortality rates by introducing chronic stressors that inhibit regeneration mechanisms”
t0“Mangrove Forests”