Abstract
Introduction: Since the application of pneumatic planters for seeds with different physical properties is growing, it is essential to evaluation the performance of these machines to improve the operating parameters under different pressures and forward speeds. To evaluate the performance of precision vacuum seeders numerous procedures of laboratory and field have been developed and their feed mechanism evaluation is of great importance. The use of instrumentation is essential in laboratory procedures. Many systems have been designed, using instrumentation, to be able to monitor seed falling trajectory and as a result, in those systems the precise place of falling seed in the seed bed could be determined. In this study, the uniformity of seed spacing of a seed drill was determined using of high speed camera with a frame rate of 480 frames s-1. So that, the uniformity of planting was statistically significant under the influence of the speed of seed metering rollers (Karayel et al., 2006). Singh et al. (2005) studied the effects of disk rotation speed, vacuum pressure and shape of seed entrance hole on planting spacing uniformity using uniformity indices under laboratory and field conditions. They reported miss index values were reduced as the pressure was increased but they were increased with increasing of the speed. The multiple indices on the other hand were low at higher speed but they were increased as the pressure was increased. Ground speed was affected by changes in engine speed and gear selection, both of which effect on amount of fan rotation speed for different pressures. The aim of this study was to identify and determine the effects of forward speed and optimum vacuum pressure amount of the pneumatic seeder. Materials and Methods: The pneumatic planter (Unissem) was mounted on a tractor (MF399) and passed over the soil bin. Thus, the acquired data would be more reliable and practical. To do so, the tractor was equipped with electronic devices for online measurement of various parameters, including: the actual forward speed, wheel sleep percent, drawbar pull, motor RPM, and fuel consumption. Wheel drive of the seed metering mechanism was equipped with Rotary Encoder model S48-8-0360ZT (TK1) to determine the seed disk rotation. For more precise vacuum pressure monitoring, a Vacuum Transmitter model BT 10-210 was used to measure relative pressure from 0 mbar to -1000 mbar. Investigation of seed falling trajectories was conducted using the AVI video acquisition system consisted of CCD (charge-coupled device) camera (Fuji F660EXR) capable of capturing images with a constant speed of 320 frames per second and a spatial resolution of 320×240 pixels. All data were transmitted to a data logger and displayed online on the PC's screen. For optimization of the factors affecting the performance of the pneumatic planter, the experiments were conducted with: two ranges of forward speeds [3 to 4 km h-1, and 6 to 8 km h-1; three levels of vacuum pressure [-2.5kPa, -3.5kPa and -4.5 kPa]; and two types of seed [cucumber and watermelon], keeping a three-factor factorial experimental design. The tests were replicated three times. The uniformity of seed spacing was measured with indicators described by kachman and smith (1995) which are defined as: I_miss=N_1/N×100 (1) I_mul=N_2/N×100 (2) I_qf=100-(I_mul+I_miss) (3) P=s_d/x_ref (4) Which for planting distance of 45 cm, N1 is number of spacing > 1.5Xref; N2 is number of spacing ≤ 0.5Xref and N is total number of measured spacings, Sd is standard deviation of the spacing more than half but not more than 1.5 times, the set spacings Xref, Imiss is the miss index, Imul is the multiple index, quality of feed index Iq is the percentage of spacings that are more than half but not more than 1.5 times, the set planting distance and P is error index. Results and Discussion: According to the studies on both watermelon and cucumber, the ‘quality of feed index’ value in forward speed rang of 6 to 8 km h-1 was less than one in forward speed rang of 3 to 4 km h-1. Also, the ‘error index’ value in forward speed rang 3 to 4 km h-1 was little rather than forward speed rang of 6 to 8 km h-1, but it was desirable. For watermelon and cucumber seeds, the ‘quality of feed index’ were the maximum with mean of 97% and 87% under vacuum pressures of -2.5 kPa and -4.5 km h-1, respectively and forward speed of 3 to 4 km h-1; so that for cucumber seed in the mention treatment, the ‘miss index’ was lowest with mean of zero. The ‘multiple index’ was highest with mean of 6% at 3 to 4 km h-1 forward speed and vacuum pressures of -4.5 for watermelon seed. Values of this index at both forward speed and three levels of vacuum pressures, for cucumber seed was more than watermelon seed. Miss index values were reduced as the pressure was increased but increased with increasing of speed. With lower vacuum pressure and at higher speeds, the metering disc did not get enough time to pick up seeds, resulting the higher miss indices. On the other hand, the multiple indices were low at higher speed but were increased as the pressure was increased (Panning et al. 2000; Zulin et al. 1991). Conclusions: It was observed that seed spacing uniformity was affected by both speed and pressure but not equally. Extracted regression models showed that the best uniformity of spacing for watermelon seed obtained at the rang of speed of 3 to 4 km/h and pressure of -3.5 kPa with a error in spacing of 7% in laboratory condition. Furthermore, in field condition the best uniformity of the seed space occurred at the pressure of -2.5 kPa and rang of speed of 6 to 8 km/h with a 9% error. Similarly, for cucumber seed results showed that the best uniformity obtained at the rang of speed of 3 to 4 km.h-1 and pressure of -4.5 kPa in laboratory condition, and at the low speed and pressure of -2.5 kPa in the field.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
At 6 to 8 km h-1, watermelon quality of feed index was lower than at 3 to 4 km h-1.
- Taxon
- watermelon
Citrullus lanatust0 - Treatment
- 6 to 8 km h-1e0
- Outcome
- quality of feed indexe0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Comparator
- 3 to 4 km h-1e0
Not reportedSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“watermelon”
e0“According to the studies on both watermelon and cucumber, the ‘quality of feed index’ value in forward speed rang of 6 to 8 km h-1 was less than one in forward speed rang of 3 to 4 km h-1.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 6 to 8 km h-1, cucumber quality of feed index was lower than at 3 to 4 km h-1.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- 6 to 8 km h-1e0
- Outcome
- quality of feed indexe0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Comparator
- 3 to 4 km h-1e0
Not reportedSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“According to the studies on both watermelon and cucumber, the ‘quality of feed index’ value in forward speed rang of 6 to 8 km h-1 was less than one in forward speed rang of 3 to 4 km h-1.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 3 to 4 km h-1, watermelon error index was lower than at 6 to 8 km h-1.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- 3 to 4 km h-1e0
- Outcome
- error indexe0
- Direction
- littlee0
- Comparator
- 6 to 8 km h-1e0
Not reportedSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“watermelon”
e0“Also, the ‘error index’ value in forward speed rang 3 to 4 km h-1 was little rather than forward speed rang of 6 to 8 km h-1, but it was desirable.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 3 to 4 km h-1, cucumber error index was lower than at 6 to 8 km h-1.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 3 to 4 km h-1e0
- Outcome
- error indexe0
- Direction
- littlee0
- Comparator
- 6 to 8 km h-1e0
Not reportedSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“Also, the ‘error index’ value in forward speed rang 3 to 4 km h-1 was little rather than forward speed rang of 6 to 8 km h-1, but it was desirable.”
Claim · model-written summary
Watermelon quality of feed index reached a maximum mean of 97% under -2.5 kPa and 3 to 4 km h-1.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- -2.5 kPae0
- Outcome
- quality of feed indexe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 97%e0
- Qualifier
- 3 to 4 km h-1e0
Not reportedComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“watermelon”
e0“For watermelon and cucumber seeds, the ‘quality of feed index’ were the maximum with mean of 97% and 87% under vacuum pressures of -2.5 kPa and -4.5 km h-1, respectively and forward speed of 3 to 4 km h-1; so that for cucumber seed in the mention treatment, the ‘miss index’ was lowest with mean of zero.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cucumber quality of feed index reached a maximum mean of 87% under the reported pressure and 3 to 4 km h-1.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- -4.5 km h-1e0
- Outcome
- quality of feed indexe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 87%e0
- Qualifier
- 3 to 4 km h-1e0
Not reportedComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“For watermelon and cucumber seeds, the ‘quality of feed index’ were the maximum with mean of 97% and 87% under vacuum pressures of -2.5 kPa and -4.5 km h-1, respectively and forward speed of 3 to 4 km h-1; so that for cucumber seed in the mention treatment, the ‘miss index’ was lowest with mean of zero.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cucumber miss index was lowest at a mean of zero in the stated treatment.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- miss indexe0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Qualifier
- cucumber seed in the mention treatmente0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorSettingValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“For watermelon and cucumber seeds, the ‘quality of feed index’ were the maximum with mean of 97% and 87% under vacuum pressures of -2.5 kPa and -4.5 km h-1, respectively and forward speed of 3 to 4 km h-1; so that for cucumber seed in the mention treatment, the ‘miss index’ was lowest with mean of zero.”
Claim · model-written summary
Watermelon multiple index was highest, 6%, at 3 to 4 km h-1 and vacuum pressure -4.5.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- 3 to 4 km h-1e0
- Outcome
- multiple indexe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 6%e0
- Qualifier
- -4.5e0
Not reportedComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“watermelon”
e0“The ‘multiple index’ was highest with mean of 6% at 3 to 4 km h-1 forward speed and vacuum pressures of -4.5 for watermelon seed.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cucumber multiple index exceeded watermelon across the tested speeds and pressures.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- this indexe0
- Direction
- more thane0
- Comparator
- watermelon seede0
Not reportedTreatmentSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“Values of this index at both forward speed and three levels of vacuum pressures, for cucumber seed was more than watermelon seed.”
Claim · model-written summary
watermelon miss index declined as pressure increased.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- pressure was increasede0
- Outcome
- Miss index valuese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparatorSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“watermelon”
e0“Miss index values were reduced as the pressure was increased but increased with increasing of speed.”
Claim · model-written summary
watermelon miss index rose as speed increased.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- increasing of speede0
- Outcome
- Miss index valuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparatorSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“watermelon”
e0“Miss index values were reduced as the pressure was increased but increased with increasing of speed.”
Claim · model-written summary
cucumber miss index declined as pressure increased.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- pressure was increasede0
- Outcome
- Miss index valuese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparatorSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“Miss index values were reduced as the pressure was increased but increased with increasing of speed.”
Claim · model-written summary
cucumber miss index rose as speed increased.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- increasing of speede0
- Outcome
- Miss index valuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparatorSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“Miss index values were reduced as the pressure was increased but increased with increasing of speed.”
Claim · model-written summary
In laboratory conditions, the watermelon spacing optimum was 3 to 4 km/h and -3.5 kPa with 7% error.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- 3 to 4 km/he0
- Outcome
- error in spacinge0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 7%e0
- Qualifier
- -3.5 kPae0
- Setting
- laboratory conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“watermelon”
e0“Extracted regression models showed that the best uniformity of spacing for watermelon seed obtained at the rang of speed of 3 to 4 km/h and pressure of -3.5 kPa with a error in spacing of 7% in laboratory condition.”
Claim · model-written summary
In field conditions, watermelon spacing was best at -2.5 kPa and 6 to 8 km/h with 9% error.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- -2.5 kPae0
- Outcome
- errore0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Qualifier
- 6 to 8 km/he0
- Setting
- field conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“watermelon”
e0“Furthermore, in field condition the best uniformity of the seed space occurred at the pressure of -2.5 kPa and rang of speed of 6 to 8 km/h with a 9% error.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cucumber spacing uniformity was best in the laboratory at 3 to 4 km.h-1 and -4.5 kPa.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 3 to 4 km.h-1e0
- Outcome
- uniformitye0
- Direction
- beste0
- Qualifier
- -4.5 kPae0
- Setting
- laboratory conditione0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“Similarly, for cucumber seed results showed that the best uniformity obtained at the rang of speed of 3 to 4 km.h-1 and pressure of -4.5 kPa in laboratory condition, and at the low speed and pressure of -2.5 kPa in the field.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cucumber spacing uniformity was best in the field at low speed and -2.5 kPa.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- low speede0
- Outcome
- uniformitye0
- Direction
- beste0
- Qualifier
- -2.5 kPae0
- Setting
- fielde0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“Similarly, for cucumber seed results showed that the best uniformity obtained at the rang of speed of 3 to 4 km.h-1 and pressure of -4.5 kPa in laboratory condition, and at the low speed and pressure of -2.5 kPa in the field.”