Abstract
Pinna venation and pinna anatomy were examined in ten species of six genera of Zamiaceae (Cycadales), which represent all four tribes. Pinna venation consists of dichotomous parallel veins without a midrib. The vein endings connect to each other in different forms in Dioon spinulosum, Encephalartos friderici_guilielmii and Macrozamia moorei, while they are never connected and reach the pinna margin in Lepidozamia peroffskyana, Ceratozamia mexicana var. robusta, C. hildae, Zamia muricata, Z. debilis, Z. furfuracea and Z. floridana, and gradually fade out in L. peroffskyana, C. mexicana var. robusta, and C. hildae. In transverse section, pinna generally consists of an adaxial epidermis and an abaxial epidermis, hypodermal sclerenchyma and mesophyll which may be differentiated into distinct adaxial and abaxial palisade regions, or adaxial palisade only, or entirely spongy tissue. However, typical spongy parenchyma and transfusion tissue are absent from this family. Mucilage canals are opposite the vascular bundles in D. spinulosum, or alternate with vascular bundles in E. friderici_guilielmii, L. peroffskyana and M. moorei. Girder sclerenchyma is connected with the abaxial epidermis only in C. mexicana var. robusta and C. hildae, but with both adaxial and abaxial epidermis in Z. muricata, Z. debilis, Z. furfuracea and Z. floridana. Pinna venation and anatomy support Stevenson's classification of Zamiaceae into two subfamilies.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Zamiaceae pinna venation has dichotomous parallel veins without a midrib.
- Outcome
- dichotomous parallel veins without a midribe0
Verbatim
e0“Pinna venation consists of dichotomous parallel veins without a midrib.”
t0“Zamiaceae”
Claim · model-written summary
Dioon spinulosum vein endings connect in different forms.
- Taxon
- Dioon spinulosum
Dioon spinulosume0 - Outcome
- vein endings connect to each other in different formse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The vein endings connect to each other in different forms in Dioon spinulosum, Encephalartos friderici_guilielmii and Macrozamia moorei”
Claim · model-written summary
Encephalartos friderici_guilielmii vein endings connect in different forms.
Verbatim
e0“The vein endings connect to each other in different forms in Dioon spinulosum, Encephalartos friderici_guilielmii and Macrozamia moorei”
Claim · model-written summary
Macrozamia moorei vein endings connect in different forms.
- Taxon
- Macrozamia moorei
.jpg?width=60)
Macrozamia mooreie0 - Outcome
- vein endings connect to each other in different formse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The vein endings connect to each other in different forms in Dioon spinulosum, Encephalartos friderici_guilielmii and Macrozamia moorei”
Claim · model-written summary
Lepidozamia peroffskyana vein endings are unconnected and reach the pinna margin.
- Taxon
- Lepidozamia peroffskyana
Lepidozamia peroffskyanae0 - Outcome
- never connected and reach the pinna margine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they are never connected and reach the pinna margin in Lepidozamia peroffskyana, Ceratozamia mexicana var. robusta, C. hildae, Zamia muricata, Z. debilis, Z. furfuracea and Z. floridana”
Claim · model-written summary
Ceratozamia mexicana var. robusta vein endings are unconnected and reach the margin; girder sclerenchyma connects only to the abaxial epidermis.
- Taxon
- Ceratozamia mexicana var. robusta
Ceratozamia robustae0 - Outcome
- never connected and reach the pinna margine0
- Qualifier
- Girder sclerenchyma is connected with the abaxial epidermis onlye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they are never connected and reach the pinna margin in Lepidozamia peroffskyana, Ceratozamia mexicana var. robusta, C. hildae, Zamia muricata, Z. debilis, Z. furfuracea and Z. floridana”
e1“Girder sclerenchyma is connected with the abaxial epidermis only in C. mexicana var. robusta and C. hildae”
Claim · model-written summary
C. hildae vein endings are unconnected and reach the margin; girder sclerenchyma connects only to the abaxial epidermis.
- Taxon
- C. hildae
Ceratozamia hildaee0 - Outcome
- never connected and reach the pinna margine0
- Qualifier
- Girder sclerenchyma is connected with the abaxial epidermis onlye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they are never connected and reach the pinna margin in Lepidozamia peroffskyana, Ceratozamia mexicana var. robusta, C. hildae, Zamia muricata, Z. debilis, Z. furfuracea and Z. floridana”
e1“Girder sclerenchyma is connected with the abaxial epidermis only in C. mexicana var. robusta and C. hildae”
Claim · model-written summary
Zamia muricata has unconnected vein endings reaching the margin and girder sclerenchyma connected to both epidermises.
- Taxon
- Zamia muricataZamia muricatae0
- Outcome
- never connected and reach the pinna margine0
- Qualifier
- both adaxial and abaxial epidermise1
Verbatim
e0“they are never connected and reach the pinna margin in Lepidozamia peroffskyana, Ceratozamia mexicana var. robusta, C. hildae, Zamia muricata, Z. debilis, Z. furfuracea and Z. floridana”
e1“but with both adaxial and abaxial epidermis in Z. muricata, Z. debilis, Z. furfuracea and Z. floridana”
Claim · model-written summary
Z. debilis has unconnected vein endings reaching the margin and girder sclerenchyma connected to both epidermises.
Verbatim
e0“they are never connected and reach the pinna margin in Lepidozamia peroffskyana, Ceratozamia mexicana var. robusta, C. hildae, Zamia muricata, Z. debilis, Z. furfuracea and Z. floridana”
e1“but with both adaxial and abaxial epidermis in Z. muricata, Z. debilis, Z. furfuracea and Z. floridana”
Claim · model-written summary
Z. furfuracea has unconnected vein endings reaching the margin and girder sclerenchyma connected to both epidermises.
- Taxon
- Z. furfuracea
Zamia furfuraceae0 - Outcome
- never connected and reach the pinna margine0
- Qualifier
- both adaxial and abaxial epidermise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they are never connected and reach the pinna margin in Lepidozamia peroffskyana, Ceratozamia mexicana var. robusta, C. hildae, Zamia muricata, Z. debilis, Z. furfuracea and Z. floridana”
e1“but with both adaxial and abaxial epidermis in Z. muricata, Z. debilis, Z. furfuracea and Z. floridana”
Claim · model-written summary
Z. floridana has unconnected vein endings reaching the margin and girder sclerenchyma connected to both epidermises.
- Taxon
- Z. floridana
Zamia integrifoliae0 - Outcome
- never connected and reach the pinna margine0
- Qualifier
- both adaxial and abaxial epidermise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they are never connected and reach the pinna margin in Lepidozamia peroffskyana, Ceratozamia mexicana var. robusta, C. hildae, Zamia muricata, Z. debilis, Z. furfuracea and Z. floridana”
e1“but with both adaxial and abaxial epidermis in Z. muricata, Z. debilis, Z. furfuracea and Z. floridana”
Claim · model-written summary
Vein endings gradually fade out in L. peroffskyana.
- Taxon
- L. peroffskyanaLepidozamia peroffskyanae0
- Outcome
- gradually fade oute0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and gradually fade out in L. peroffskyana, C. mexicana var. robusta, and C. hildae”
Claim · model-written summary
Vein endings gradually fade out in C. mexicana var. robusta.
- Taxon
- C. mexicana var. robustaCeratozamia robustae0
- Outcome
- gradually fade oute0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and gradually fade out in L. peroffskyana, C. mexicana var. robusta, and C. hildae”
Claim · model-written summary
Vein endings gradually fade out in C. hildae.
- Taxon
- C. hildaeCeratozamia hildaee0
- Outcome
- gradually fade oute0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and gradually fade out in L. peroffskyana, C. mexicana var. robusta, and C. hildae”
Claim · model-written summary
Zamiaceae pinnae generally contain adaxial and abaxial epidermises, hypodermal sclerenchyma and variably differentiated mesophyll; typical spongy parenchyma and transfusion tissue are absent.
Verbatim
e0“In transverse section, pinna generally consists of an adaxial epidermis and an abaxial epidermis, hypodermal sclerenchyma and mesophyll which may be differentiated into distinct adaxial and abaxial palisade regions, or adaxial palisade only, or entirely spongy tissue.”
e1“However, typical spongy parenchyma and transfusion tissue are absent from this family.”
t0“Zamiaceae”
Claim · model-written summary
D. spinulosum mucilage canals lie opposite vascular bundles.
- Taxon
- D. spinulosumDioon spinulosume0
- Outcome
- Mucilage canals are opposite the vascular bundlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mucilage canals are opposite the vascular bundles in D. spinulosum”
Claim · model-written summary
E. friderici_guilielmii mucilage canals alternate with vascular bundles.
Verbatim
e0“or alternate with vascular bundles in E. friderici_guilielmii, L. peroffskyana and M. moorei”
Claim · model-written summary
L. peroffskyana mucilage canals alternate with vascular bundles.
- Taxon
- L. peroffskyanaLepidozamia peroffskyanae0
- Outcome
- alternate with vascular bundlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“or alternate with vascular bundles in E. friderici_guilielmii, L. peroffskyana and M. moorei”
Claim · model-written summary
M. moorei mucilage canals alternate with vascular bundles.
- Taxon
- M. mooreiMacrozamia mooreie0
- Outcome
- alternate with vascular bundlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“or alternate with vascular bundles in E. friderici_guilielmii, L. peroffskyana and M. moorei”
Claim · model-written summary
Pinna anatomy and venation support Stevenson's division of Zamiaceae into two subfamilies.
- Outcome
- classification of Zamiaceae into two subfamiliese0
Verbatim
e0“Pinna venation and anatomy support Stevenson's classification of Zamiaceae into two subfamilies.”