Abstract
1. Woolly apple aphis infests the apple and causes considerable injuries to the trees in China.In this paper the writers report on the results of the investigations, carried out in 1953-56, onthe bionomics and the utilization of Aphelinus mali, especially on the ways of increasing itsvitality by means of hybridization. 2. Aphelinus mali overwinters in the full-grown larval stage within hardened body of itshost at Tsingtao, Shantung Province. Low temperature, the absolute low temperature there reach-ed as low as --12℃. in 1954 caused litlle winter mortality of the parasite in Tsingtao and thepercentage of the emergence of adult was as high as 85% as usual. The pupae appeared in thelate part of March of the next spring as the temperature of the ten-day average reached 6°to7℃. The first adult from overwintering materials emerged in the middle of April as the tem-perature of ten-day average reathed 11℃. The lowest temperature at which the adults emergedfrom the overwintering larvae kept under the various temperatures was about 10°±1℃. whichwas lower than the figure given by other authors, for example 12°-- 13℃. as reported by Borgin Sweden. 3. There are about 10--12 generations annually, 13 generations in maximum and 9 genera-tions in minimum. The duration of life-cycle of the parasite varies from the different periodsand the main influencing factor is the temperature during the development period of the parasites.One of the longest generation is the overwintering generation which lasts 184 days. Whereas theshortest one lasts about 7 days only in the middle part of August. The optimal temperatures forits development are between 22°to 27℃.; the most favorable humidity range is from 80 to90 per cent. Both are higher than that required by the woolly apple aphis for outbreaks, vtz.16.5°to 22℃. and 60 to 70 per cent. 4. Aphelinus mali had been reported by other authors as parasitizing about twenty differentkinds of aphids, but in Tsingtao it parasitizes mainly the woolly apple aphis in field conditionand just a few of them parasitize in the woolly aphis on Populus canadensis. The female adultsseem to prefer to oviposit in those aphids which have a layer of while wax and are sluggish inmovement, and therefore not only with possess black color as mentioned in the literatures. The adults survived longest in the laboratory (up to 41 days) with access to molasses. Thesex ratio was variable, though females were always more numerous than males, the unfertilisedfemales giving rise to males only. 5. The number of egg-laying by single female adult varies with different temperatures. Thereseems to be more egg-laying in the reasonable high temperature, such as in 1954, the numberof egg-laying per female at the different room temperature is as follows: at 16.3℃., 19℃.,23.3℃., 24.2℃. and 26℃. are 10, 17, 32.4, 58.5 and 21.eggs, respectively; and in 1955 at 19℃.,21℃., 24.3℃., 26.2℃. and 28.4℃.,are 22.7, 29, 44.5, 51 and 28 eggs, respectively. However, the relative humidity seems not so significant as the temperature, but under the high tempera-ture and high humidity condition the adult died more quickly and depoisited less eggs thanusual. The different size of the individual also shows its different number of egg-laying and thebigger one always lay more than the smaller. In Tsingtao, an individaul female deposits amaximum of 108 eggs under laboratory conditions. 6. In Tsingtao region, the parasite have difficulty to get full control of the host pestthroughout the whole season. This is thought to be due to three causes: (1). the low repro-ductive capacity of the local parasite, and especially the adverse effect of low temperature in bothspring and autumn restricted the activity of egg-laying of the adult parasite and the developmentof larval parasite. And in contrast to the host, the pest fares very well under these conditions. (2).the parasite emerges too early in the spring before the woolly apple aphis has become abundant.(3). a large part of the adult parasites died because of shortage of host for oviposition in thespr
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Aphelinus mali overwinters as full-grown larvae inside its hardened host at Tsingtao.
- Taxon
- Aphelinus mali
Aphelinus malie0 - Outcome
- overwinters in the full-grown larval stagee0
- Setting
- Tsingtao, Shantung Provincee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aphelinus mali overwinters in the full-grown larval stage within hardened body of itshost at Tsingtao, Shantung Province.”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter temperatures as low as --12℃ caused little parasite mortality, with adult emergence of 85% at Tsingtao.
- Taxon
- APHELINUS MALIAphelinus malit0
- Treatment
- Low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- emergence of adulte0
- Direction
- as high ase0
- Value
- 85%e0
- Qualifier
- --12℃.e0
- Setting
- Tsingtaoe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APHELINUS MALI”
e0“Low temperature, the absolute low temperature there reach-ed as low as --12℃. in 1954 caused litlle winter mortality of the parasite in Tsingtao and thepercentage of the emergence of adult was as high as 85% as usual.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pupae appeared in late March when ten-day mean temperature reached 6°to7℃.
- Taxon
- APHELINUS MALIAphelinus malit0
- Outcome
- pupae appearede0
- Qualifier
- 6°to7℃.e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APHELINUS MALI”
e0“The pupae appeared in thelate part of March of the next spring as the temperature of the ten-day average reached 6°to7℃.”
Claim · model-written summary
The first overwintered adult emerged in mid-April at a ten-day mean temperature of 11℃.
- Taxon
- APHELINUS MALIAphelinus malit0
- Outcome
- adult from overwintering materials emergede0
- Qualifier
- 11℃.e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APHELINUS MALI”
e0“The first adult from overwintering materials emerged in the middle of April as the tem-perature of ten-day average reathed 11℃.”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest emergence temperature was about 10°±1℃, below previously reported temperatures.
- Taxon
- APHELINUS MALIAphelinus malit0
- Outcome
- lowest temperaturee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 10°±1℃.e0
- Comparator
- figure given by other authorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APHELINUS MALI”
e0“The lowest temperature at which the adults emergedfrom the overwintering larvae kept under the various temperatures was about 10°±1℃. whichwas lower than the figure given by other authors, for example 12°-- 13℃. as reported by Borgin Sweden.”
Claim · model-written summary
The parasite has about 10--12 generations annually, with a maximum of 13 and minimum of 9.
- Taxon
- APHELINUS MALIAphelinus malit0
- Outcome
- generations annuallye0
- Value
- 10--12e0
- Qualifier
- 13 generations in maximum and 9 genera-tions in minimume0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APHELINUS MALI”
e0“There are about 10--12 generations annually, 13 generations in maximum and 9 genera-tions in minimum.”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature during development is the main factor influencing variation in parasite life-cycle duration.
- Taxon
- APHELINUS MALIAphelinus malit0
- Treatment
- temperaturee0
- Outcome
- duration of life-cyclee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APHELINUS MALI”
e0“The duration of life-cycle of the parasite varies from the different periodsand the main influencing factor is the temperature during the development period of the parasites.”
Claim · model-written summary
The overwintering generation lasts 184 days, whereas the shortest generation lasts about 7 days in mid-August.
- Taxon
- APHELINUS MALIAphelinus malit0
- Outcome
- overwintering generatione0
- Direction
- longeste0
- Value
- 184 dayse0
- Qualifier
- shortest one lasts about 7 days only in the middle part of Auguste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APHELINUS MALI”
e0“One of the longest generation is the overwintering generation which lasts 184 days. Whereas theshortest one lasts about 7 days only in the middle part of August.”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal development temperatures are 22°to 27℃ and favorable humidity is 80 to90 per cent, both higher than aphid outbreak conditions.
- Taxon
- APHELINUS MALIAphelinus malit0
- Interactor
- woolly apple aphise0pest
- Outcome
- optimal temperaturese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 22°to 27℃.e0
- Qualifier
- most favorable humidity range is from 80 to90 per cente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APHELINUS MALI”
e0“The optimal temperatures forits development are between 22°to 27℃.; the most favorable humidity range is from 80 to90 per cent. Both are higher than that required by the woolly apple aphis for outbreaks, vtz.16.5°to 22℃. and 60 to 70 per cent.”
Claim · model-written summary
In Tsingtao fields Aphelinus mali mainly parasitizes woolly apple aphis and only a few parasitize woolly aphis on Populus canadensis.
- Taxon
- Aphelinus maliAphelinus malie0
- Interactor
- woolly apple aphise0pest
- Outcome
- parasitizes mainly the woolly apple aphise0
- Qualifier
- just a few of them parasitize in the woolly aphis on Populus canadensise0
- Setting
- Tsingtaoe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aphelinus mali had been reported by other authors as parasitizing about twenty differentkinds of aphids, but in Tsingtao it parasitizes mainly the woolly apple aphis in field conditionand just a few of them parasitize in the woolly aphis on Populus canadensis.”
Claim · model-written summary
Females seem to prefer oviposition in wax-covered, sluggish aphids rather than merely black aphids.
- Taxon
- APHELINUS MALIAphelinus malit0
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Outcome
- prefer to oviposite0
- Qualifier
- a layer of while wax and are sluggish inmovemente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APHELINUS MALI”
e0“The female adultsseem to prefer to oviposit in those aphids which have a layer of while wax and are sluggish inmovement, and therefore not only with possess black color as mentioned in the literatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
Adults survived longest in the laboratory with molasses, up to 41 days.
- Taxon
- APHELINUS MALIAphelinus malit0
- Treatment
- access to molassese0
- Outcome
- survivede0
- Direction
- longeste0
- Value
- 41 dayse0
- Setting
- laboratorye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APHELINUS MALI”
e0“The adults survived longest in the laboratory (up to 41 days) with access to molasses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sex ratio varied but females always outnumbered males, and unfertilized females produced only males.
- Taxon
- APHELINUS MALIAphelinus malit0
- Outcome
- sex ratio was variablee0
- Qualifier
- females were always more numerous than males, the unfertilisedfemales giving rise to males onlye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APHELINUS MALI”
e0“Thesex ratio was variable, though females were always more numerous than males, the unfertilisedfemales giving rise to males only.”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1954 egg production per female was 10, 17, 32.4, 58.5 and 21 at temperatures of 16.3℃, 19℃, 23.3℃, 24.2℃ and 26℃ respectively.
- Taxon
- APHELINUS MALIAphelinus malit0
- Treatment
- different room temperaturee0
- Outcome
- numberof egg-laying per femalee0
- Value
- 10, 17, 32.4, 58.5 and 21.eggse0
- Qualifier
- 16.3℃., 19℃.,23.3℃., 24.2℃. and 26℃.e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APHELINUS MALI”
e0“in 1954, the numberof egg-laying per female at the different room temperature is as follows: at 16.3℃., 19℃.,23.3℃., 24.2℃. and 26℃. are 10, 17, 32.4, 58.5 and 21.eggs, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1955 egg production was 22.7, 29, 44.5, 51 and 28 eggs at 19℃, 21℃, 24.3℃, 26.2℃ and 28.4℃ respectively.
- Taxon
- APHELINUS MALIAphelinus malit0
- Treatment
- 19℃.,21℃., 24.3℃., 26.2℃. and 28.4℃.e0
- Outcome
- eggse0
- Value
- 22.7, 29, 44.5, 51 and 28 eggse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APHELINUS MALI”
e0“in 1955 at 19℃.,21℃., 24.3℃., 26.2℃. and 28.4℃.,are 22.7, 29, 44.5, 51 and 28 eggs, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Humidity seemed less important than temperature, but combined high temperature and humidity caused faster adult death and fewer eggs.
- Taxon
- APHELINUS MALIAphelinus malit0
- Treatment
- high tempera-ture and high humidity conditione0
- Outcome
- adult died more quickly and depoisited less eggse0
- Qualifier
- relative humidity seems not so significant as the temperaturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APHELINUS MALI”
e0“However, the relative humidity seems not so significant as the temperature, but under the high tempera-ture and high humidity condition the adult died more quickly and depoisited less eggs thanusual.”
Claim · model-written summary
Larger females lay more eggs than smaller females.
- Taxon
- APHELINUS MALIAphelinus malit0
- Outcome
- number of egg-layinge0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- smallere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APHELINUS MALI”
e0“The different size of the individual also shows its different number of egg-laying and thebigger one always lay more than the smaller.”
Claim · model-written summary
A female deposits a maximum of 108 eggs under laboratory conditions at Tsingtao.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APHELINUS MALI”
e0“In Tsingtao, an individaul female deposits amaximum of 108 eggs under laboratory conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
The parasite has difficulty fully controlling the pest throughout the season in Tsingtao.
- Taxon
- APHELINUS MALIAphelinus malit0
- Outcome
- difficulty to get full control of the host peste0
- Qualifier
- throughout the whole seasone0
- Setting
- Tsingtao regione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APHELINUS MALI”
e0“In Tsingtao region, the parasite have difficulty to get full control of the host pestthroughout the whole season.”
Claim · model-written summary
Limited control is attributed to low reproductive capacity, cold restriction of oviposition and development, early emergence before aphid abundance, and mortality from host shortage.
- Taxon
- APHELINUS MALIAphelinus malit0
- Treatment
- low temperaturee0
- Interactor
- woolly apple aphise1pest
- Outcome
- restricted the activity of egg-laying of the adult parasite and the developmentof larval parasitee0
- Qualifier
- low repro-ductive capacitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APHELINUS MALI”
e0“the low repro-ductive capacity of the local parasite, and especially the adverse effect of low temperature in bothspring and autumn restricted the activity of egg-laying of the adult parasite and the developmentof larval parasite.”
e1“the parasite emerges too early in the spring before the woolly apple aphis has become abundant.”
e2“a large part of the adult parasites died because of shortage of host for oviposition”