Abstract
Determining the safe dates of full heading of rice is very important for arranging sowing and transplanting dates.In this study,the daily average temperatures from May to November during the 50 years(1958–2007) in four regions from north to south in Jiangsu province(Ganyu,Huai'an,Yangzhou,and Wuxian city) were analyzed.According to the normal indices of tempera-tures for the safe dates of full heading in japonica rice cultivars with weaker and stronger cold tolerance,safe dates of full heading were obtained for the 50 years from 1958 to 2007,the first 25 years,and the second 25 years.The guarantee rate for the safe dates was 50%,80%,and 90%,respectively.It was observed that the safe dates of full heading during the second 25 years were three to four days later than those during the first 25 years.Variation in the safe dates of full heading was greater for the second 25 years than for the first 25 years.The safe dates of full heading at the four regions from north to south were 18th September,20th Sep-tember,24th September,and 28th September,respectively,and were four to six days later than those currently used in these re-gions.As the global whether is warming,these results could be utilized as references for the production in different rice-growing areas.More experiments should be conducted to observe cold tolerance of rice cultivars during heading and flowering,and to obtain the safe dates of full heading for major varieties,so that more exact sowing and transplanting dates could be got in japonica rice.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Calculated safe full-heading dates were three to four days later in the second 25-year period.
- Taxon
- Japonica Rice
_by_Augustus_Binu.jpg?width=60)
Oryza sativa Japonica Groupt0 - Outcome
- safe dates of full headinge0
- Direction
- latere0
- Value
- three to four dayse0
- Comparator
- first 25 yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_by_Augustus_Binu.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“safe dates of full heading during the second 25 years were three to four days later than those during the first 25 years”
t0“Japonica Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Safe full-heading dates varied more in the second 25-year period.
- Taxon
- Japonica RiceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Outcome
- Variation in the safe dates of full headinge0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- first 25 yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Variation in the safe dates of full heading was greater for the second 25 years than for the first 25 years”
t0“Japonica Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The calculated safe full-heading date for Ganyu was 18 September.
- Taxon
- Japonica RiceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Outcome
- safe dates of full headinge0
- Value
- 18th Septembere0
- Setting
- Ganyue1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The safe dates of full heading at the four regions from north to south were 18th September,20th Sep-tember,24th September,and 28th September,respectively”
t0“Japonica Rice”
e1“Ganyu,Huai'an,Yangzhou,and Wuxian city”
Claim · model-written summary
The calculated safe full-heading date for Huai’an was 20 September.
- Taxon
- Japonica RiceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Outcome
- safe dates of full headinge0
- Value
- 20th Sep-tembere0
- Setting
- Huai'ane1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The safe dates of full heading at the four regions from north to south were 18th September,20th Sep-tember,24th September,and 28th September,respectively”
t0“Japonica Rice”
e1“Ganyu,Huai'an,Yangzhou,and Wuxian city”
Claim · model-written summary
The calculated safe full-heading date for Yangzhou was 24 September.
- Taxon
- Japonica RiceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Outcome
- safe dates of full headinge0
- Value
- 24th Septembere0
- Setting
- Yangzhoue1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The safe dates of full heading at the four regions from north to south were 18th September,20th Sep-tember,24th September,and 28th September,respectively”
t0“Japonica Rice”
e1“Ganyu,Huai'an,Yangzhou,and Wuxian city”
Claim · model-written summary
The calculated safe full-heading date for Wuxian was 28 September.
- Taxon
- Japonica RiceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Outcome
- safe dates of full headinge0
- Value
- 28th Septembere0
- Setting
- Wuxian citye1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The safe dates of full heading at the four regions from north to south were 18th September,20th Sep-tember,24th September,and 28th September,respectively”
t0“Japonica Rice”
e1“Ganyu,Huai'an,Yangzhou,and Wuxian city”
Claim · model-written summary
Calculated safe heading dates in the four regions were four to six days later than dates currently used.
- Taxon
- Japonica RiceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Outcome
- safe dates of full headinge1
- Direction
- latere0
- Value
- four to six dayse0
- Comparator
- those currently usede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were four to six days later than those currently used in these re-gions”
t0“Japonica Rice”
e1“The safe dates of full heading”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed using the calculated dates to guide rice production in different growing areas.
- Taxon
- Japonica RiceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Outcome
- references for the production in different rice-growing arease0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these results could be utilized as references for the production in different rice-growing areas”
t0“Japonica Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended further cold-tolerance experiments and safe-heading-date estimates for major rice varieties.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Outcome
- observe cold tolerance of rice cultivars during heading and flowering,and to obtain the safe dates of full heading for major varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“More experiments should be conducted to observe cold tolerance of rice cultivars during heading and flowering,and to obtain the safe dates of full heading for major varieties”