Abstract
Scientific regulation of both energy and carbon flows under tillage system with soil conservation tillage practices is of great significance for saving energy input in farmland,mitigating greenhouse gas emission to the atmosphere,and increasing carbon sequestration potential in soils.Based on the field experimental studies on conservation tillage in dryland maize cropping systems,located in Shouyang Dryland Farming Station in Shanxi province of China,impacts of different tillage systems(including conventional tillage(CT),reduced-tillage(RT),and no-till(NT) practice) on coupled energy /carbon balance were integrally studied.through field observations,embodied energy input parameter determinations,soil respiration measurements,carbon dynamic processe simulations,and energy /carbon balance estimations in dryland agro-ecosystems.Compared with CT,conservation tillage(RT and NT) could increase carbon input(about 1.6 tC·hm-2) with increasing stover return and root stubble biomass in the soils,but reduce carbon losses by stover burning /or removal(about 1.6 tC·hm-2) and by soil erosion(about 1.2—1.6 tC·hm-2).The energy inputs(MJ·hm-2) were in the order: CT(13829) RT(13289) NT(12434),which was similar to the order for carbon emissions(kgC·hm-2): CT(283) RT(272) NT(248).The embodied energy consumption was reduce by about 4%—12%(equivalent to 11—35 kg CO2-C·hm-2·a-1) with NT and RT practices,as compared to the CT practice.The coefficiency of energy consumption was decrease by about 6%—10% and the coefficiency of energy production increase by 7%—12% under conservation tillage systems,as compared to the CT practice.The results also showed that the rates of soil organic carbon sequestration(kg C·hm-2·a-1) tended to increase from-104 with CT to 144—149 with NT and RT.The field measurements during periods 2006—2007 showed that the mean soil respiration rates(kg CO2-C·hm-2·a-1) with NT were generally lowest(-13%) during the fellow periods in the order: NT(540±30) CT(619±20) RT(873±137),but highest(+7%) at the peak of maize growing periods in the order: CT(1368±355) NT(1465±410) and RT(1468±387).The mean total rates of soil respiration(kg CO2-C·hm-2·a-1) were RT(2342±524) NT(2005±380) CT(1987±375).The changes in maize grain yields showed the same trend with soil respiration associated with tillage practices,for instance,the mean maize grain yields(kg·hm-2·a-1) also were RT(5614±1298) NT(5533±631) CT(5487±1320),showing a positively close relationship between maize grain yields and soil respiration during growing stage(R2=0.88).Although different methods were used to estimate CO2-C emissions by soil respiration processes,the analysis showed the same trends in carbon sink /source under tillage systems,such as a increasing trend in carbon sink with conservation tillage practices(generally RT NT) compared to carbon source with CT,indicating that stover incorporation combined with conservation tillage practices through increasing carbon input is an effective way for maintenance and enhancement of soil organic carbon.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher.
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation tillage increased carbon input relative to conventional tillage.
- Treatment
- conservation tillage(RT and NT)e0
- Outcome
- carbon inpute0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- about 1.6 tC·hm-2e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with CT,conservation tillage(RT and NT) could increase carbon input(about 1.6 tC·hm-2) with increasing stover return and root stubble biomass in the soils”
e1“dryland maize cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation tillage reduced carbon loss by stover burning or removal.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduce carbon losses by stover burning /or removal(about 1.6 tC·hm-2) and by soil erosion(about 1.2—1.6 tC·hm-2).”
e1“conservation tillage(RT and NT)”
e2“dryland maize cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation tillage reduced carbon loss by soil erosion.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduce carbon losses by stover burning /or removal(about 1.6 tC·hm-2) and by soil erosion(about 1.2—1.6 tC·hm-2).”
e1“dryland maize cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Energy inputs ranked CT above RT above NT.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The energy inputs(MJ·hm-2) were in the order: CT(13829) RT(13289) NT(12434)”
e1“dryland maize cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon emissions ranked CT above RT above NT.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carbon emissions(kgC·hm-2): CT(283) RT(272) NT(248)”
e1“dryland maize cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
No till and reduced tillage reduced embodied energy consumption by 4–12%.
- Treatment
- NT and RT practicese0
- Outcome
- embodied energy consumptione0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- about 4%—12%e0
- Comparator
- CT practicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The embodied energy consumption was reduce by about 4%—12%(equivalent to 11—35 kg CO2-C·hm-2·a-1) with NT and RT practices,as compared to the CT practice.”
e1“dryland maize cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation tillage decreased the coefficient of energy consumption by 6–10%.
- Treatment
- conservation tillage systemse0
- Outcome
- coefficiency of energy consumptione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- about 6%—10%e0
- Comparator
- CT practicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The coefficiency of energy consumption was decrease by about 6%—10% and the coefficiency of energy production increase by 7%—12% under conservation tillage systems,as compared to the CT practice.”
e1“dryland maize cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation tillage increased the coefficient of energy production by 7–12%.
- Treatment
- conservation tillage systemse0
- Outcome
- coefficiency of energy productione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 7%—12%e0
- Comparator
- CT practicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The coefficiency of energy consumption was decrease by about 6%—10% and the coefficiency of energy production increase by 7%—12% under conservation tillage systems,as compared to the CT practice.”
e1“dryland maize cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon sequestration changed from -104 under CT to 144–149 under NT and RT.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rates of soil organic carbon sequestration(kg C·hm-2·a-1) tended to increase from-104 with CT to 144—149 with NT and RT.”
e1“dryland maize cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
No till had the lowest fallow period soil respiration.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mean soil respiration rates(kg CO2-C·hm-2·a-1) with NT were generally lowest(-13%) during the fellow periods in the order: NT(540±30) CT(619±20) RT(873±137)”
e1“dryland maize cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
No till soil respiration was highest at the maize growth peak.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest(+7%) at the peak of maize growing periods in the order: CT(1368±355) NT(1465±410) and RT(1468±387)”
e1“soil respiration rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Total soil respiration ranked RT above NT above CT.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean total rates of soil respiration(kg CO2-C·hm-2·a-1) were RT(2342±524) NT(2005±380) CT(1987±375).”
e1“dryland maize cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize grain yield ranked RT above NT above CT.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mean maize grain yields(kg·hm-2·a-1) also were RT(5614±1298) NT(5533±631) CT(5487±1320)”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize grain yield was positively associated with soil respiration during growth.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“showing a positively close relationship between maize grain yields and soil respiration during growing stage(R2=0.88).”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that stover incorporation with conservation tillage enhances soil organic carbon.
- Outcome
- stover incorporation combined with conservation tillage practicese0
- Qualifier
- maintenance and enhancement of soil organic carbone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stover incorporation combined with conservation tillage practices through increasing carbon input is an effective way for maintenance and enhancement of soil organic carbon.”
e1“dryland maize cropping systems”
The same questions in other papers
tillage · molecular: metabolites · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
24 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
30 papers more in this group
See all 34 papers →tillage · pest · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
27 papers in the same direction as this paper · 19 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
45 papers more in this group
See all 49 papers →tillage · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
811 papers in the same direction as this paper · 230 in the opposite direction · 57 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
1,095 papers more in this group
See all 1,099 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.