Abstract
Producing healthy seedlings and distributing them to far areas, is one of the most important factor for developing forests. Because of easy planting, rapid growth and good wood quality, Acer velutinum is the most useful species, among the softwood and hardwood trees. Growth and development of the nurseries were effected by different pests and diseases, the nematodes are one of these agents. They are not actively surveyed in the forest nurseries in Iran. On a survey of maple seedling in the forest nurseries Pratylenchus vulnus, Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum were identified. The interaction between these two fungi and nematode were studied in randomized complete block design with four replications and six treatments. For mass production and multiplication of the nematodes, they were sterilized with Streptomycin Sulfate, they were reared on carrot disc culture. The nematodes were then added to each pot. The results showed a highly significant difference (p = 0.01) between different treatments. In the treatment with nematodes alone growth of seedlings was minimum and population density of nematodes in soil and root tissue was maximum. In this treatments 75% of seedlings were died and seedling average height were 2.25 cm. In the treatments with nematode and fungi together the population of nematodes were decreased and the growth of seedlings were increased, in comparison with nematode alone. F. oxysporum showed more antagonistic effect on nematodes than F. solani. In the nematode + F. oxysporum treatment, 25% of seedlings were died and seedling average height was 12.75 cm. In the nematode + F. solani treatment, 50% of seedlings were died and the seedling average height was 5.5 cm. This is the first report of pathogenecity of Pratylenchus vulnus and its interaction whit fungi on maple seedlings in Iran.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Pratylenchus vulnus alone caused 75% seedling death in maple.
- Taxon
- Acer velutinum
Acer velutinume0 - Treatment
- nematodes alonee1
- Interactor
- Pratylenchus vulnusPratylenchus vulnust0pathogen
- Outcome
- seedlings were diede2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 75%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Interaction between root lesion nematode Pratylenchus vulnus and two species of Fusarium on growth and development of maple seedlings”
e0“Acer velutinum is the most useful species”
e1“In the treatment with nematodes alone growth of seedlings was minimum and population density of nematodes in soil and root tissue was maximum”
e2“In this treatments 75% of seedlings were died and seedling average height were 2.25 cm”
Claim · model-written summary
Pratylenchus vulnus alone reduced maple seedling average height to 2.25 cm.
- Taxon
- Acer velutinumAcer velutinume0
- Treatment
- nematodes alonee1
- Interactor
- Pratylenchus vulnusPratylenchus vulnust0pathogen
- Outcome
- seedling average heighte2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Value
- 2.25 cme2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Interaction between root lesion nematode Pratylenchus vulnus and two species of Fusarium on growth and development of maple seedlings”
e0“Acer velutinum is the most useful species”
e1“In the treatment with nematodes alone growth of seedlings was minimum and population density of nematodes in soil and root tissue was maximum”
e2“In this treatments 75% of seedlings were died and seedling average height were 2.25 cm”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode with F. oxysporum reduced seedling death to 25% compared with nematodes alone.
- Taxon
- Acer velutinumAcer velutinume0
- Treatment
- nematode + F. oxysporume3
- Second interactor
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume6biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- seedlings were diede3
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede3
- Value
- 25%e3
- Comparator
- nematodes alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Interaction between root lesion nematode Pratylenchus vulnus and two species of Fusarium on growth and development of maple seedlings”
e0“Acer velutinum is the most useful species”
e1“In the treatment with nematodes alone growth of seedlings was minimum and population density of nematodes in soil and root tissue was maximum”
e3“In the nematode + F. oxysporum treatment, 25% of seedlings were died and seedling average height was 12.75 cm”
e6“F. oxysporum showed more antagonistic effect on nematodes than F. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode with F. oxysporum increased seedling average height to 12.75 cm compared with nematodes alone.
- Taxon
- Acer velutinumAcer velutinume0
- Treatment
- nematode + F. oxysporume3
- Second interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- seedling average heighte3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
- Value
- 12.75 cme3
- Comparator
- nematodes alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Interaction between root lesion nematode Pratylenchus vulnus and two species of Fusarium on growth and development of maple seedlings”
e0“Acer velutinum is the most useful species”
e1“In the treatment with nematodes alone growth of seedlings was minimum and population density of nematodes in soil and root tissue was maximum”
e3“In the nematode + F. oxysporum treatment, 25% of seedlings were died and seedling average height was 12.75 cm”
e6“F. oxysporum showed more antagonistic effect on nematodes than F. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode with F. solani reduced seedling death to 50% compared with nematodes alone.
- Taxon
- Acer velutinumAcer velutinume0
- Treatment
- nematode + F. solanie4
- Second interactor
- F. solani
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium solanie6biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- seedlings were diede4
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede4
- Value
- 50%e4
- Comparator
- nematodes alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Interaction between root lesion nematode Pratylenchus vulnus and two species of Fusarium on growth and development of maple seedlings”
e0“Acer velutinum is the most useful species”
e1“In the treatment with nematodes alone growth of seedlings was minimum and population density of nematodes in soil and root tissue was maximum”
e4“In the nematode + F. solani treatment, 50% of seedlings were died and the seedling average height was 5.5 cm”
e6“F. oxysporum showed more antagonistic effect on nematodes than F. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode with F. solani increased seedling average height to 5.5 cm compared with nematodes alone.
- Taxon
- Acer velutinumAcer velutinume0
- Treatment
- nematode + F. solanie4
- Second interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- seedling average heighte4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
- Value
- 5.5 cme4
- Comparator
- nematodes alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Interaction between root lesion nematode Pratylenchus vulnus and two species of Fusarium on growth and development of maple seedlings”
e0“Acer velutinum is the most useful species”
e1“In the treatment with nematodes alone growth of seedlings was minimum and population density of nematodes in soil and root tissue was maximum”
e4“In the nematode + F. solani treatment, 50% of seedlings were died and the seedling average height was 5.5 cm”
e6“F. oxysporum showed more antagonistic effect on nematodes than F. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
F. oxysporum showed more antagonistic effect on nematodes than F. solani.
- Taxon
- Acer velutinumAcer velutinume0
- Treatment
- F. oxysporume6
- Second interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antagonistic effect on nematodese6
- Direction
- moree6
- Comparator
- F. solanie6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Interaction between root lesion nematode Pratylenchus vulnus and two species of Fusarium on growth and development of maple seedlings”
e0“Acer velutinum is the most useful species”
e6“F. oxysporum showed more antagonistic effect on nematodes than F. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode with fungi together decreased nematode population compared with nematode alone.
- Taxon
- Acer velutinumAcer velutinume0
- Treatment
- nematode and fungi togethere5
- Outcome
- population of nematodese5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Comparator
- nematode alonee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Interaction between root lesion nematode Pratylenchus vulnus and two species of Fusarium on growth and development of maple seedlings”
e0“Acer velutinum is the most useful species”
e5“In the treatments with nematode and fungi together the population of nematodes were decreased and the growth of seedlings were increased, in comparison with nematode alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode with fungi together increased seedling growth compared with nematode alone.
- Taxon
- Acer velutinumAcer velutinume0
- Treatment
- nematode and fungi togethere5
- Outcome
- growth of seedlingse5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- nematode alonee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Interaction between root lesion nematode Pratylenchus vulnus and two species of Fusarium on growth and development of maple seedlings”
e0“Acer velutinum is the most useful species”
e5“In the treatments with nematode and fungi together the population of nematodes were decreased and the growth of seedlings were increased, in comparison with nematode alone”
Claim · model-written summary
This is the first report of pathogenicity of Pratylenchus vulnus on maple seedlings in Iran.
- Taxon
- Acer velutinumAcer velutinume0
- Interactor
- Pratylenchus vulnusPratylenchus vulnuse7pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogenecity of Pratylenchus vulnuse7
- Setting
- Irane7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Interaction between root lesion nematode Pratylenchus vulnus and two species of Fusarium on growth and development of maple seedlings”
e0“Acer velutinum is the most useful species”
e7“This is the first report of pathogenecity of Pratylenchus vulnus and its interaction whit fungi on maple seedlings in Iran”
Claim · model-written summary
Pratylenchus vulnus, Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum were identified in a survey of maple seedlings in forest nurseries.
- Taxon
- Acer velutinumAcer velutinume0
- Interactor
- Pratylenchus vulnusPratylenchus vulnuse7pathogen
- Second interactor
- Fusarium solaniFusarium solanie7pathogen
- Outcome
- were identifiede7
- Qualifier
- F. oxysporume7
- Setting
- forest nurseriese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Interaction between root lesion nematode Pratylenchus vulnus and two species of Fusarium on growth and development of maple seedlings”
e0“Acer velutinum is the most useful species”
e7“On a survey of maple seedling in the forest nurseries Pratylenchus vulnus, Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum were identified”