Abstract
In Asia, the rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, is an important pathogen of Asian rice (Oryza sativa) in most rice producing countries including Myanmar. In the first part of our study, the damage potential of M. graminicola on commonly cultivated newly released high-yielding lowland rice varieties and upland rice varieties (traditional, improved and aerobic), which are being grown in different regions in the summer-irrigated lowland and rainfed upland rice ecosystems in Myanmar, was investigated under screenhouse conditions. In the second part of our study, a field experiment was carried out in the Ayeyarwady River Delta, the major lowland rice producing area of Myanmar, to investigate the impact of M. graminicola on plant growth and yield of the same lowland rice varieties included in the screenhouse experiment in a naturally-infested farmer's field. None of the 15 lowland varieties and none of the nine upland varieties included in the screenhouse experiments was resistant to M. graminicola. Although differences in susceptibility were observed among the lowland and upland varieties, and between the two types (lowland and upland) of rice varieties, with an Mfeggs (multiplication factor of the second-stage juveniles without counting the eggs) ranging from 13.2 to 52.8 for the lowland varieties vs 39.8 to 108.4 for the upland varieties, all varieties included in our study can be considered as highly susceptible to M. graminicola when the nematode population densities are assessed at harvest. Also in the field experiment, all the 15 lowland varieties were susceptible to M. graminicola infection. This part of our study shows that upland rice varieties are more susceptible to M graminicola infection than lowland rice varieties. The percentage reduction in lowland and upland varieties was very similar in six out of the ten plant growth and yield-contributing traits measured. The highest differences in percentage reduction were observed for fresh root weight (41.0 vs 26.1% for the lowland and upland varieties, respectively), number of tillers per plant (29.1 vs 14.1%, respectively), percentage filled grains per plant (11.7 vs 0.8%, respectively) and filled grain weight per plant (34.7 vs 47.6 g, respectively). Within the two types of rice varieties significant differences in percentage reduction of plant growth traits between uninoculated and inoculated plants were observed among the rice varieties, so we suggest that the effect of M. graminicola infection on the different vegetative and reproductive plant growth stages of rice varieties is highly genotype-dependent and that no general conclusions can be made. In the screenhouse experiments, infection with M. graminicola caused on average a yield reduction with 31.1% in the lowland rice varieties vs 44.9% in the upland rice varieties, which indicates that in the upland varieties the higher nematode population densities per root unit (1 g) and per root system resulted in a higher yield loss compared with the lowland varieties. In the field experiment, carbofuran treatment resulted, on average, in a 16.5% increase in yield of the lowland rice varieties.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
None of the 15 lowland and nine upland rice varieties was resistant to Meloidogyne graminicola in the screenhouse experiments.
- Taxon
- Asian rice (Oryza sativa)
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- lowland varietiese1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistante1
- Setting
- screenhouse experimentse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meloidogyne graminicola, is an important pathogen of Asian rice (Oryza sativa)”
e1“None of the 15 lowland varieties and none of the nine upland varieties included in the screenhouse experiments was resistant to M. graminicola”
Claim · model-written summary
Upland rice varieties were more susceptible to M. graminicola than lowland varieties, with Mfeggs of 39.8 to 108.4 versus 13.2 to 52.8.
- Taxon
- Asian rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptiblee4
- Direction
- more susceptiblee4
- Value
- 39.8 to 108.4e5
- Qualifier
- ranging from 13.2 to 52.8 for the lowland varietiese5
- Comparator
- lowland rice varietiese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meloidogyne graminicola, is an important pathogen of Asian rice (Oryza sativa)”
e4“This part of our study shows that upland rice varieties are more susceptible to M graminicola infection than lowland rice varieties”
e5“with an Mfeggs (multiplication factor of the second-stage juveniles without counting the eggs) ranging from 13.2 to 52.8 for the lowland varieties vs 39.8 to 108.4 for the upland varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
All rice varieties were highly susceptible to M. graminicola when nematode population densities were assessed at harvest.
- Taxon
- Asian rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- highly susceptiblee2
- Qualifier
- when the nematode population densities are assessed at harveste2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meloidogyne graminicola, is an important pathogen of Asian rice (Oryza sativa)”
e2“all varieties included in our study can be considered as highly susceptible to M. graminicola when the nematode population densities are assessed at harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
All 15 lowland rice varieties were susceptible to M. graminicola infection in the field experiment.
- Taxon
- Asian rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae0
- Material
- lowland varietiese3
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptiblee3
- Setting
- field experimente3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meloidogyne graminicola, is an important pathogen of Asian rice (Oryza sativa)”
e3“Also in the field experiment, all the 15 lowland varieties were susceptible to M. graminicola infection”
Claim · model-written summary
The percentage reduction in lowland and upland rice varieties was very similar in six of the ten growth and yield traits measured.
- Taxon
- Asian rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage reductione6
- Direction
- very similare6
- Qualifier
- six out of the ten plant growth and yield-contributing traitse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meloidogyne graminicola, is an important pathogen of Asian rice (Oryza sativa)”
e6“The percentage reduction in lowland and upland varieties was very similar in six out of the ten plant growth and yield-contributing traits measured”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh root weight showed the highest difference in percentage reduction between lowland and upland rice, 41.0% versus 26.1%.
- Taxon
- Asian rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- fresh root weighte7
- Direction
- highest differencese7
- Value
- 41.0 vs 26.1%e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meloidogyne graminicola, is an important pathogen of Asian rice (Oryza sativa)”
e7“The highest differences in percentage reduction were observed for fresh root weight (41.0 vs 26.1% for the lowland and upland varieties, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Number of tillers per plant showed the highest difference in percentage reduction between lowland and upland rice, 29.1% versus 14.1%.
- Taxon
- Asian rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- number of tillers per plante1
- Direction
- highest differencese7
- Value
- 29.1 vs 14.1%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meloidogyne graminicola, is an important pathogen of Asian rice (Oryza sativa)”
e7“The highest differences in percentage reduction were observed for fresh root weight (41.0 vs 26.1% for the lowland and upland varieties, respectively)”
e1“number of tillers per plant (29.1 vs 14.1%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Percentage filled grains per plant showed the highest difference in percentage reduction between lowland and upland rice, 11.7% versus 0.8%.
- Taxon
- Asian rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage filled grains per plante1
- Direction
- highest differencese7
- Value
- 11.7 vs 0.8%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meloidogyne graminicola, is an important pathogen of Asian rice (Oryza sativa)”
e7“The highest differences in percentage reduction were observed for fresh root weight (41.0 vs 26.1% for the lowland and upland varieties, respectively)”
e1“percentage filled grains per plant (11.7 vs 0.8%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Filled grain weight per plant showed the highest difference in percentage reduction between lowland and upland rice, 34.7 g versus 47.6 g.
- Taxon
- Asian rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- filled grain weight per plante2
- Direction
- highest differencese7
- Value
- 34.7 vs 47.6 ge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meloidogyne graminicola, is an important pathogen of Asian rice (Oryza sativa)”
e7“The highest differences in percentage reduction were observed for fresh root weight (41.0 vs 26.1% for the lowland and upland varieties, respectively)”
e2“filled grain weight per plant (34.7 vs 47.6 g, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Within each rice type, percentage reduction in plant growth traits differed significantly between uninoculated and inoculated plants among varieties.
- Taxon
- Asian rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae0
- Treatment
- inoculated plantse1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage reduction of plant growth traitse1
- Direction
- significant differencese1
- Comparator
- uninoculatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meloidogyne graminicola, is an important pathogen of Asian rice (Oryza sativa)”
e1“Within the two types of rice varieties significant differences in percentage reduction of plant growth traits between uninoculated and inoculated plants were observed among the rice varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect of M. graminicola infection on rice growth stages is highly genotype-dependent, so no general conclusions can be made.
- Taxon
- Asian rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae0
- Material
- rice varietiese1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- effect of M. graminicola infectione1
- Qualifier
- highly genotype-dependente1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meloidogyne graminicola, is an important pathogen of Asian rice (Oryza sativa)”
e1“so we suggest that the effect of M. graminicola infection on the different vegetative and reproductive plant growth stages of rice varieties is highly genotype-dependent and that no general conclusions can be made”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection with M. graminicola caused an average yield reduction of 31.1% in lowland rice varieties.
- Taxon
- Asian rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae0
- Material
- lowland rice varietiese1
- Treatment
- infection with M. graminicolae1
- Interactor
- M. graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae1pathogen
- Outcome
- yield reductione1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 31.1%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meloidogyne graminicola, is an important pathogen of Asian rice (Oryza sativa)”
e1“infection with M. graminicola caused on average a yield reduction with 31.1% in the lowland rice varieties vs 44.9% in the upland rice varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection with M. graminicola caused an average yield reduction of 44.9% in upland rice varieties.
- Taxon
- Asian rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae0
- Material
- upland rice varietiese1
- Treatment
- infection with M. graminicolae1
- Interactor
- M. graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae1pathogen
- Outcome
- yield reductione1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 44.9%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meloidogyne graminicola, is an important pathogen of Asian rice (Oryza sativa)”
e1“infection with M. graminicola caused on average a yield reduction with 31.1% in the lowland rice varieties vs 44.9% in the upland rice varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher M. graminicola population densities per root unit and per root system in upland varieties resulted in higher yield loss than in lowland varieties.
- Taxon
- Asian rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae0
- Material
- upland varietiese1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne graminicolaMeloidogyne graminicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- yield losse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- higher nematode population densities per root unit (1 g) and per root systeme1
- Comparator
- lowland varietiese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meloidogyne graminicola, is an important pathogen of Asian rice (Oryza sativa)”
e1“in the upland varieties the higher nematode population densities per root unit (1 g) and per root system resulted in a higher yield loss compared with the lowland varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbofuran treatment increased yield of lowland rice varieties by 16.5% on average in the field experiment.
- Taxon
- Asian rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae0
- Material
- lowland rice varietiese1
- Treatment
- carbofuran treatmente1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 16.5%e1
- Setting
- field experimente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Meloidogyne graminicola, is an important pathogen of Asian rice (Oryza sativa)”
e1“In the field experiment, carbofuran treatment resulted, on average, in a 16.5% increase in yield of the lowland rice varieties”
The same questions in other papers
carbofuran · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
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