Abstract
Citrus is threatened by various diseases included Asiatic Citrus Canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri pv. Citri (Xcc). This pathogen is listed as a quarantine organism in Europe and is re-emerging in many countries in Africa, including Mali in 2008. Pathogenicity tests showed that Malian strains were related to pathotype A which is pathogenic on a wide range of Citrus species. A Multilocus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) based on six housekeeping genes indicated the presence in Mali of two Sequence Types (ST): ST2 in 4 provinces and ST3, only present in Bamako. A strain collection (n=714) was genotyped with two molecular typing systems using Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs). The first system, called MLVA-31, has 31 minisatellite markers and aims to analysis the genetic diversity of a worldwide collection of Xcc. The MLVA-14 called second system has 14 microsatellite markers and is useful for outbreak investigation and epidemics understanding. Both systems data suggested a hypothetical epidemiological link between Malian population and a collection of 46 strains recently sampled in Burkina Faso. Furthermore, analysis of the Malian collection using MLVA-1 revealed a relatively low global genetic diversity (Ht = 0.37). In addition, presence of major clonal complexes supports the hypothesis of a recent emergence. Characterization and structuration of genotyping data defined two independent introductions of the pathogen in Mali. Our results provide additional information on the epidemiology of Xcc and its re-emergence in Africa and point out the importance of MLVA-based genotyping tools in molecular epidemiology analyses and global surveillance.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Malian strains belonged to pathotype A, pathogenic on many Citrus species.
- Material
- pathotype Ae0
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas citri pv. CitriXanthomonas citri pv. citrie1pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogenic on a wide range of Citrus speciese0
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pathogenicity tests showed that Malian strains were related to pathotype A which is pathogenic on a wide range of Citrus species.”
e1“Xanthomonas citri pv. Citri (Xcc)”
Claim · model-written summary
Two sequence types occurred in Mali, with ST2 in four provinces and ST3 only in Bamako.
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas citri pv. CitriXanthomonas citri pv. citrie1pathogen
- Outcome
- two Sequence Types (ST)e0
- Setting
- Malie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the presence in Mali of two Sequence Types (ST): ST2 in 4 provinces and ST3, only present in Bamako.”
e1“Citrus is threatened by various diseases included Asiatic Citrus Canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri pv. Citri (Xcc).”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotyping suggested a hypothetical epidemiological link between Malian and Burkina Faso pathogen populations.
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas citri pv. CitriXanthomonas citri pv. citrie1pathogen
- Outcome
- hypothetical epidemiological linke0
- Setting
- Burkina Fasoe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both systems data suggested a hypothetical epidemiological link between Malian population and a collection of 46 strains recently sampled in Burkina Faso.”
e1“Citrus is threatened by various diseases included Asiatic Citrus Canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri pv. Citri (Xcc).”
Claim · model-written summary
The Malian pathogen collection had relatively low global genetic diversity.
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas citri pv. CitriXanthomonas citri pv. citrie1pathogen
- Outcome
- global genetic diversitye0
- Direction
- relatively lowe0
- Value
- Ht = 0.37e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Malian collection using MLVA-1 revealed a relatively low global genetic diversity (Ht = 0.37).”
e1“Citrus is threatened by various diseases included Asiatic Citrus Canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri pv. Citri (Xcc).”
Claim · model-written summary
Major clonal complexes supported recent pathogen emergence.
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas citri pv. CitriXanthomonas citri pv. citrie1pathogen
- Outcome
- recent emergencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“presence of major clonal complexes supports the hypothesis of a recent emergence.”
e1“Citrus is threatened by various diseases included Asiatic Citrus Canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri pv. Citri (Xcc).”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotyping indicated two independent pathogen introductions into Mali.
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas citri pv. CitriXanthomonas citri pv. citrie1pathogen
- Outcome
- two independent introductions of the pathogene0
- Setting
- Malie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Characterization and structuration of genotyping data defined two independent introductions of the pathogen in Mali.”
e1“Citrus is threatened by various diseases included Asiatic Citrus Canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri pv. Citri (Xcc).”