Abstract
Field studies were conducted to determine the influence of vegetation-free strip width (VFSW) on newly established blackberry growth, yield, and fruit quality and to determine the influence of herbicide weed management programs on weed control and crop tolerance in blackberry and blueberry.Two greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the influence of preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) herbicides on Carolina redroot.Vegetation-free strip width treatments consisted of 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 m.Predicted blackberry yield displayed a quadratic response to VFSW, increased from 711 to 1,030 kg ha -1 at VFSW of 0 to 1.8 m, and decreased from 1,030 to 960 kg ha -1 at VFSW of 1.8 to 2.4 m.Predicted post-harvest floricane weight per plant displayed a quadratic response to VFSW at one of two locations, increased from 0.19 to 0.30 kg at VFSW of 0 to 1.5 m, and decreased from 0.30 to 0.26 kg at VFSW of 1.5 to 2.4 m.Predicted individual blackberry fruit weight displayed a positive linear response to VFSW and increased from 3.1 to 3.6 g per fruit at VFSW of 0 to 2.4 m.Blackberry soluble solids content, titratable acidity, sugar-to-acid ratio, pH, primocane number, length, and stem caliper were largely unaffected by VFSW.Six herbicide-based weed management programs were evaluated in blackberry at Vale and Bailey, NC.Five programs consisted of a late fall-early winter herbicide application followed by (fb) an early spring herbicide application and a sixth program consisted of winter-applied dichlobenil.At blackberry flowering norflurazon resulted in 11% veinal bleaching; bleaching injury decreased to 1% at harvest.Weed control at budbreak was >98% for all programs.Purple deadnettle control at flowering at Vale was >99% for programs consisting of flumioxazin fb flumioxazin, norflurazon fb oryzalin plus simazine, and dichlobenil, but <16% for all other programs.At harvest, weed control at Bailey ranged from 69 to 84%.Yellow woodsorrel and large crabgrass control at Vale at harvest was excellent (>97%) for all programs with the exception of dichlobenil which provided 80 and 70% control of woodsorrel and crabgrass, respectively.Blackberry primocane number, yield, and fruit weight were not influenced by herbicide program and ranged from 4.7 to 5.9 canes m -1 ; 13,500 to 14,880 kg ha -1 ; and 6.1 to 6.4 g per fruit, respectively.In greenhouse studies paraquat, glufosinate, and hexazinone (PRE) provided the greatest Carolina redroot control of any treatment 14 and 25 days after POST treatments (DAT), but control declined between 25 and 63 DAT.Glyphosate provided minimal control 14 DAT, but control increased from 14 to 63 DAT.Control of Carolina redroot roots and rhizomes (roots/rhizomes) was greatest in plants treated with paraquat (91%), glyphosate (88%), glufosinate (73%), hexazinone (62%), and diuron (60%) POST and terbacil (68%) and hexazinone (64%) PRE.Field studies were conducted to determine weed control and crop tolerance to Smetolachlor and flumioxazin alone and with hexazinone.Herbicide programs containing flumioxazin resulted in greater meadowbeauty control 5 to 6 weeks after treatment (WAT) (73%) than herbicide programs containing hexazinone at 1.1 or 2.2 kg ha -1 (37 and 39%, respectively).Needleleaf rosette grass control remained >94% for all herbicide programs through 2 WAT.Five to six WAT hexazinone at 1.1 kg ha -1 provided greater control (87%) than flumioxazin (71%).Meadowbeauty and needleleaf rosette grass control from all herbicide programs was poor (< 39% and < 57%, respectively) 16 to 18 WAT.Two weeks after post-harvest applications, herbicide programs receiving a post-harvest flumioxazin application had greater meadowbeauty and needleleaf rosette grass control (78 and 84%, respectively) than those programs without a post-harvest flumioxazin application (43 and 71%, respectively).
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Blackberry yield rose as vegetation-free strip width increased from 0 to 1.8 m.
- Treatment
- VFSWe0
- Outcome
- blackberry yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 711 to 1,030 kg ha -1e0
- Comparator
- 0e0
RubusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Predicted blackberry yield displayed a quadratic response to VFSW, increased from 711 to 1,030 kg ha -1 at VFSW of 0 to 1.8 m”
Claim · model-written summary
Blackberry yield fell as strip width increased from 1.8 to 2.4 m.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased from 1,030 to 960 kg ha -1 at VFSW of 1.8 to 2.4 m”
t0“Weed Management in Commercial Blueberry and Blackberry Production Systems.”
e1“Predicted blackberry yield displayed a quadratic response to VFSW, increased from 711 to 1,030 kg ha -1 at VFSW of 0 to 1.8 m”
Claim · model-written summary
Floricane weight rose with strip width up to 1.5 m at one location.
- Treatment
- VFSWe0
- Outcome
- post-harvest floricane weight per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.19 to 0.30 kge0
- Qualifier
- one of two locationse0
- Comparator
- 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Predicted post-harvest floricane weight per plant displayed a quadratic response to VFSW at one of two locations, increased from 0.19 to 0.30 kg at VFSW of 0 to 1.5 m”
t0“Weed Management in Commercial Blueberry and Blackberry Production Systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Floricane weight fell as strip width rose from 1.5 to 2.4 m.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased from 0.30 to 0.26 kg at VFSW of 1.5 to 2.4 m”
t0“Weed Management in Commercial Blueberry and Blackberry Production Systems.”
e1“Predicted post-harvest floricane weight per plant displayed a quadratic response to VFSW at one of two locations, increased from 0.19 to 0.30 kg at VFSW of 0 to 1.5 m”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual fruit weight rose with strip width.
- Treatment
- VFSWe0
- Outcome
- individual blackberry fruit weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.1 to 3.6 g per fruite0
- Comparator
- 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Predicted individual blackberry fruit weight displayed a positive linear response to VFSW and increased from 3.1 to 3.6 g per fruit at VFSW of 0 to 2.4 m”
Claim · model-written summary
Several blackberry fruit quality and cane traits were largely unaffected by strip width.
- Treatment
- VFSWe0
- Outcome
- soluble solids content, titratable acidity, sugar-to-acid ratioe0
- Direction
- largely unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Blackberry soluble solids content, titratable acidity, sugar-to-acid ratio, pH, primocane number, length, and stem caliper were largely unaffected by VFSW”
Claim · model-written summary
Norflurazon caused veinal bleaching at flowering that diminished by harvest.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At blackberry flowering norflurazon resulted in 11% veinal bleaching; bleaching injury decreased to 1% at harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
All herbicide programs controlled weeds by more than 98% at budbreak.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weed control at budbreak was >98% for all programs”
t0“Weed Management in Commercial Blueberry and Blackberry Production Systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Three named programs controlled purple deadnettle above 99% at flowering in Vale.
- Treatment
- flumioxazin fb flumioxazine0
- Interactor
- Purple deadnettle
Lamium purpureume0weed - Outcome
- Purple deadnettle controle0
- Value
- >99%e0
- Setting
- Valee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Purple deadnettle control at flowering at Vale was >99% for programs consisting of flumioxazin fb flumioxazin, norflurazon fb oryzalin plus simazine, and dichlobenil”
t0“Weed Management in Commercial Blueberry and Blackberry Production Systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Other programs gave less than 16% purple deadnettle control.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but <16% for all other programs”
t0“Weed Management in Commercial Blueberry and Blackberry Production Systems.”
e1“Purple deadnettle control at flowering at Vale was >99% for programs consisting of flumioxazin fb flumioxazin, norflurazon fb oryzalin plus simazine, and dichlobenil”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed control at Bailey at harvest ranged from 69 to 84%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At harvest, weed control at Bailey ranged from 69 to 84%”
t0“Weed Management in Commercial Blueberry and Blackberry Production Systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Programs other than dichlobenil controlled yellow woodsorrel and crabgrass above 97% at Vale.
- Treatment
- all programs with the exception of dichlobenile0
- Interactor
- Yellow woodsorrele0weed
- Second interactor
- large crabgrasse0weed
- Outcome
- Yellow woodsorrel and large crabgrass controle0
- Direction
- excellente0
- Value
- >97%e0
- Comparator
- dichlobenile0
- Setting
- Valee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yellow woodsorrel and large crabgrass control at Vale at harvest was excellent (>97%) for all programs with the exception of dichlobenil”
t0“Weed Management in Commercial Blueberry and Blackberry Production Systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dichlobenil controlled woodsorrel at 80%.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dichlobenil which provided 80 and 70% control of woodsorrel and crabgrass, respectively”
t0“Weed Management in Commercial Blueberry and Blackberry Production Systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dichlobenil controlled crabgrass at 70%.
- Treatment
- dichlobenile0
- Interactor
- crabgrasse0weed
- Outcome
- control of woodsorrel and crabgrasse0
- Value
- 70%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dichlobenil which provided 80 and 70% control of woodsorrel and crabgrass, respectively”
t0“Weed Management in Commercial Blueberry and Blackberry Production Systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide program did not influence blackberry cane number, yield or fruit weight.
- Treatment
- herbicide programe0
- Outcome
- primocane number, yield, and fruit weighte0
- Direction
- not influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Blackberry primocane number, yield, and fruit weight were not influenced by herbicide program and ranged from 4.7 to 5.9 canes m -1 ; 13,500 to 14,880 kg ha -1 ; and 6.1 to 6.4 g per fruit, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat gave high Carolina redroot control, which later declined.
- Treatment
- paraquate0
- Interactor
- Carolina redroote0weed
- Outcome
- Carolina redroot controle0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Comparator
- any treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“paraquat, glufosinate, and hexazinone (PRE) provided the greatest Carolina redroot control of any treatment 14 and 25 days after POST treatments (DAT), but control declined between 25 and 63 DAT”
t0“Weed Management in Commercial Blueberry and Blackberry Production Systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate control increased between 14 and 63 days after treatment.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate provided minimal control 14 DAT, but control increased from 14 to 63 DAT”
t0“Weed Management in Commercial Blueberry and Blackberry Production Systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flumioxazin programs controlled meadowbeauty more than hexazinone programs.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicide programs containing flumioxazin resulted in greater meadowbeauty control 5 to 6 weeks after treatment (WAT) (73%) than herbicide programs containing hexazinone at 1.1 or 2.2 kg ha -1 (37 and 39%, respectively)”
t0“Weed Management in Commercial Blueberry and Blackberry Production Systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Needleleaf rosette grass control exceeded 94% through two weeks after treatment.
- Taxon
- Blueberryt0
- Treatment
- all herbicide programse0
- Interactor
- Needleleaf rosette grasse0weed
- Outcome
- Needleleaf rosette grass controle0
- Value
- >94%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Needleleaf rosette grass control remained >94% for all herbicide programs through 2 WAT”
t0“Weed Management in Commercial Blueberry and Blackberry Production Systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Postharvest flumioxazin improved meadowbeauty and rosette grass control.
Verbatim
e0“herbicide programs receiving a post-harvest flumioxazin application had greater meadowbeauty and needleleaf rosette grass control (78 and 84%, respectively) than those programs without a post-harvest flumioxazin application (43 and 71%, respectively)”
t0“Weed Management in Commercial Blueberry and Blackberry Production Systems.”
The same questions in other papers
glyphosate · control · Rubus (bramble)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
flumioxazin · control · VacciniumResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
herbicide · yield · Rubus (bramble)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.