Abstract
The generality of increasing diversity of fungi and bacteria across arctic sand dune succession was tested. Microbial communities were examined by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes (bacteria) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions (fungi). We studied four microbial compartments (inside leaf, inside root, rhizosphere and bulk soil) and characterized microbes associated with a single plant species (Deschampsia flexuosa) across two sand dune successional stages (early and late). Bacterial richness increased across succession in bulk soil and leaf endosphere. In contrast, soil fungal richness remained constant while root endosphere fungal richness increased across succession. There was, however, no significant difference in Shannon diversity indices between early and late successional stage in any compartment. There was a significant difference in the composition of microbial communities between early and late successional stage in all compartments, although the major microbial OTUs were shared between early and late successional stage. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed successional stage-specific microbial groups. There were more co-occurring modules in early successional stage than in late stage. Altogether, these results emphasize that succession strongly affects distribution of microbial species, but not microbial diversity in arctic sand dune ecosystem and that fungi and bacteria may not follow the same successional trajectories.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial richness increased across succession in bulk soil and leaf endosphere.
- Taxon
- Deschampsia flexuosa
Avenella flexuosae1 - Outcome
- Bacterial richnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacterial richness increased across succession in bulk soil and leaf endosphere.”
e1“a single plant species (Deschampsia flexuosa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil fungal richness remained constant across succession.
- Taxon
- Deschampsia flexuosaAvenella flexuosae1
- Outcome
- soil fungal richnesse0
- Direction
- remained constante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, soil fungal richness remained constant while root endosphere fungal richness increased across succession.”
e1“a single plant species (Deschampsia flexuosa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Root endosphere fungal richness increased across succession.
- Taxon
- Deschampsia flexuosaAvenella flexuosae1
- Outcome
- root endosphere fungal richnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, soil fungal richness remained constant while root endosphere fungal richness increased across succession.”
e1“a single plant species (Deschampsia flexuosa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Shannon diversity indices did not differ significantly by successional stage in any compartment.
- Taxon
- Deschampsia flexuosaAvenella flexuosae1
- Outcome
- Shannon diversity indicese0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was, however, no significant difference in Shannon diversity indices between early and late successional stage in any compartment.”
e1“a single plant species (Deschampsia flexuosa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial community composition differed significantly by successional stage in all compartments.
- Taxon
- Deschampsia flexuosaAvenella flexuosae1
- Outcome
- composition of microbial communitiese0
- Direction
- significant differencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a significant difference in the composition of microbial communities between early and late successional stage in all compartments, although the major microbial OTUs were shared between early and late successional stage.”
e1“a single plant species (Deschampsia flexuosa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Major microbial OTUs were shared between stages.
- Taxon
- Deschampsia flexuosaAvenella flexuosae1
- Outcome
- major microbial OTUs were sharede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a significant difference in the composition of microbial communities between early and late successional stage in all compartments, although the major microbial OTUs were shared between early and late successional stage.”
e1“a single plant species (Deschampsia flexuosa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Network analysis found successional stage-specific microbial groups.
- Taxon
- Deschampsia flexuosaAvenella flexuosae1
- Outcome
- successional stage-specific microbial groupse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-occurrence network analysis revealed successional stage-specific microbial groups.”
e1“a single plant species (Deschampsia flexuosa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Early succession had more co-occurring modules than late succession.
- Taxon
- Deschampsia flexuosaAvenella flexuosae1
- Outcome
- co-occurring modulese0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were more co-occurring modules in early successional stage than in late stage.”
e1“a single plant species (Deschampsia flexuosa)”