Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important food staples for mankind, providing nearly 55% of the carbohydrates and 20% of the food calories consumed globally. Rust spores that land on wheat plants germinate and infect the plant. Tiny tubes penetrate host cells to withdraw nutrients. Fungus tissue proliferates beneath the epidermis until the epidermis bursts and pustules erupt. Each pustule contains thousands of spores that can be carried by the wind to infect other plants. Grain yield is reduced by interference with grain filling, which results in a reduction in the number and size of kernels. Stem rust damaged wheat crops on a massive scale in the1900s. Significant epidemics included central India in 1946-47 (20% loss) and Chile in 1951 (40% loss) [1]. Resistance to stem rust was successfully incorporated into wheat in the 1950s in Norman Borlaug’s breeding programs. These varieties were distributed worldwide. Smallholder farmers around the world have tended to rely entirely on resistance to control rust on wheat.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Rust spores infect wheat plants after germination.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Interactor
- Rust sporese0pathogen
- Outcome
- infect the plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rust spores that land on wheat plants germinate and infect the plant.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rust reduces wheat grain yield by disrupting grain filling and reducing kernel number and size.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- interference with grain fillinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield is reduced by interference with grain filling, which results in a reduction in the number and size of kernels.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A stem rust epidemic in central India in 1946-47 caused a 20% loss.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt1
- Interactor
- Stem rustt0pathogen
- Outcome
- losse0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Setting
- central Indiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant epidemics included central India in 1946-47 (20% loss)”
t0“Stem rust damaged wheat crops”
t1“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A stem rust epidemic in Chile in 1951 caused a 40% loss.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- losse0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Setting
- Chilee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chile in 1951 (40% loss)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem rust resistance was incorporated into wheat in the 1950s breeding programs.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Resistance to stem ruste0
- Direction
- successfully incorporatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Resistance to stem rust was successfully incorporated into wheat in the 1950s in Norman Borlaug’s breeding programs.”
Claim · model-written summary
Smallholder farmers have tended to rely entirely on wheat resistance for rust control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- rely entirely on resistance to control ruste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Smallholder farmers around the world have tended to rely entirely on resistance to control rust on wheat.”