Abstract
The genus Scutellonema contains more than 40 species of spiral nematodes with enlarged phasmids called scutella. In this study, we provide morphological and molecular characterisation of S. clavicaudatum sp. n., S. brachyurus , S. bradys , S. cavenessi , S. transvaalense , S. truncatum and Scutellonema sp. A. from North and Central America, and Africa. The new species, S. clavicaudatum sp. n., was found on sugarcane in South Africa and is characterised by a lack of lip annuli as in S. africanum , S. siamense and S. truncatum . The lip region, in both males and females, is conical and marked by six large rectangular blocks separated or fused with the submedian and lateral lip sectors, which surround a round and distinct labial disc. Females of this new species also have large vaginal glands, a functional spermatheca, the lateral field posterior to the scutellum ending in a bluntly pointed shape and a clavate tail. Morphological descriptions, measurements, light and scanning electron microscopic photos and drawings are also given for S. bradys , S. cavenessi , S. transvaalense and S. truncatum . The study of spiral nematode samples from Florida, USA, confirmed the presence of a morphologically and genetically atypical populations of S. bradys . The morphology of the S. bradys population from Bermuda grass in pasture land from central Florida fits that of type specimens of this species, but differs in having a truncate tail terminus rather than round and also a prominent spermatheca filled with flagellate spermatozoa. Other Florida Scutellonema samples analysed in this study belonged to S. cavenessi , a species native to West Africa. This is the first report of S. cavenessi in Florida, where it parasitises the ornamental plant Sansevieria trifasciata . Our study showed a high level of intraspecific variation for Scutellonema rRNA and mtDNA genes, which can reach 5.6% for the D2-D3 of 28S rRNA, 12.9% for the ITS rRNA genes and 14.4% for the COI gene. Phylogenetic relationships within Scutellonema are given as inferred from the analyses of the D2-D3 of 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA and the COI mtDNA gene sequences.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The new species S. clavicaudatum sp. n. was found on sugarcane in South Africa.
- Taxon
- sugarcanee0
- Interactor
- S. clavicaudatumScutellonema clavicaudatume0pest
- Outcome
- new speciese0
- Setting
- South Africae0
Verbatim
e0“The new species, S. clavicaudatum sp. n., was found on sugarcane in South Africa”
Claim · model-written summary
S. cavenessi is a first report in Florida, where it parasitises Sansevieria trifasciata.
- Taxon
- Sansevieria trifasciata
Dracaena trifasciatae3 - Interactor
- S. cavenessiScutellonema cavenessie3pest
- Outcome
- first report of S. cavenessie3
- Setting
- Floridae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“This is the first report of S. cavenessi in Florida, where it parasitises the ornamental plant Sansevieria trifasciata”
Claim · model-written summary
Florida samples from Bermuda grass pasture confirmed morphologically and genetically atypical populations of S. bradys.
- Taxon
- Bermuda grass
Cynodon dactylone5 - Interactor
- S. bradysScutellonema bradyse4pest
- Outcome
- morphologically and genetically atypical populationse4
- Setting
- central Floridae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“confirmed the presence of a morphologically and genetically atypical populations of S. bradys”
e5“The morphology of the S. bradys population from Bermuda grass in pasture land from central Florida fits that of type specimens of this species, but differs in having a truncate tail terminus rather than round”
Claim · model-written summary
The S. bradys population from Bermuda grass has a truncate tail terminus rather than a round one.
- Taxon
- Bermuda grassCynodon dactylone5
- Interactor
- S. bradysScutellonema bradyse5pest
- Outcome
- truncate tail terminuse5
- Qualifier
- rather than rounde5
- Setting
- central Floridae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The morphology of the S. bradys population from Bermuda grass in pasture land from central Florida fits that of type specimens of this species, but differs in having a truncate tail terminus rather than round”
Claim · model-written summary
The S. bradys population from Bermuda grass has a prominent spermatheca filled with flagellate spermatozoa.
- Taxon
- Bermuda grassCynodon dactylone5
- Interactor
- S. bradysScutellonema bradyse5pest
- Outcome
- prominent spermathecae6
- Qualifier
- filled with flagellate spermatozoae6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The morphology of the S. bradys population from Bermuda grass in pasture land from central Florida fits that of type specimens of this species, but differs in having a truncate tail terminus rather than round”
e6“also a prominent spermatheca filled with flagellate spermatozoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Other Florida Scutellonema samples belonged to S. cavenessi, a species native to West Africa.
- Taxon
- ScutellonemaScutellonemae7
- Outcome
- Other Florida Scutellonema samplese7
- Qualifier
- belonged to S. cavenessie7
Verbatim
e7“Other Florida Scutellonema samples analysed in this study belonged to S. cavenessi, a species native to West Africa”
Claim · model-written summary
Intraspecific variation in the D2-D3 region of 28S rRNA can reach 5.6% in Scutellonema.
- Taxon
- ScutellonemaScutellonemae0
- Gene
- 28S rRNAe1
- Outcome
- intraspecific variatione0
- Value
- 5.6%e1
Verbatim
e0“Our study showed a high level of intraspecific variation for Scutellonema rRNA and mtDNA genes”
e1“which can reach 5.6% for the D2-D3 of 28S rRNA”
Claim · model-written summary
Intraspecific variation in the ITS rRNA genes can reach 12.9% in Scutellonema.
- Taxon
- ScutellonemaScutellonemae0
- Gene
- ITS rRNAe1
- Outcome
- intraspecific variatione0
- Value
- 12.9%e1
Verbatim
e0“Our study showed a high level of intraspecific variation for Scutellonema rRNA and mtDNA genes”
e1“12.9% for the ITS rRNA genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Intraspecific variation in the COI gene can reach 14.4% in Scutellonema.
- Taxon
- ScutellonemaScutellonemae0
- Gene
- COIe1
- Outcome
- intraspecific variatione0
- Value
- 14.4%e1
Verbatim
e0“Our study showed a high level of intraspecific variation for Scutellonema rRNA and mtDNA genes”
e1“14.4% for the COI gene”
Claim · model-written summary
S. clavicaudatum sp. n. is characterised by a lack of lip annuli.
Verbatim
e0“The new species, S. clavicaudatum sp. n., was found on sugarcane in South Africa”
e1“characterised by a lack of lip annuli”
Claim · model-written summary
The lip region of S. clavicaudatum sp. n. is marked by six large rectangular blocks.
Verbatim
e0“The new species, S. clavicaudatum sp. n., was found on sugarcane in South Africa”
e2“The lip region, in both males and females, is conical and marked by six large rectangular blocks separated or fused with the submedian and lateral lip sectors”