Abstract
Weeds, diseases, and insect pests separately and collectively affect small grain yields.Yield effects caused by interactions among these pests are often unknown.The Montana crop loss assessment experiment was designed to measure yield constraints due to weeds, diseases, and insect pests.Significant interactions among weeds, diseases, and insect pests were shown during the three year study (1980)(1981)(1982).Though yield constraints due to these pests vary with location and season, information and methodology from the crop loss assessment project may be useful for further studies on crop/pest interactions. Crop loss assessment treatmentsincluded weed control, disease control, insect control, weed-disease control, weed-insect control, disease-insect control, weed-disease-insect control, and a check (no control).Pests were controlled by using herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and bacterio-cides.Each treatment was replicated four times in 1980 and 1981, and eight times in 1982.Fumigation and fumigation plus weed-disease-insect control treatments were added in 1982.Pest populations were monitored, pest damage was measured, and yield component data were recorded.In 1980, the weed-disease-insect control treatment resulted in a 44% spring wheat yield increase over the check at Bozeman, and a 21% and 45% increase at Conrad in 1981 and 1982 respectively.In 1982, the disease control treatment produced 35 % fewer tillers/m sq.than the weed-disease-insect control treatment, even though stand counts were not significantly different among treatments.Yields of the disease control and insect control treatments were 35 % less than in treatments where both diseases and insects were controlled.Insect control treatment significantly increased volunteer barley dry weight over the dry weight in the check.The nematode populations were 70% lower in the disease control plots than in the check plots.Nematode populations in the insect control plots were 70% higher than in the check plots.Sawfly cutting was reduced by weed-insect control.Disease control resulted in significantly lower P. syringae infection than no disease control.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Weed-disease-insect control increased spring wheat yield by 44% over the check at Bozeman in 1980.
- Taxon
- spring wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- weed-disease-insect controle0
- Interactor
- weedse1weed
- Second interactor
- insect pestse1pest
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 44%e0
- Comparator
- the checke0
- Setting
- Bozemane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1980, the weed-disease-insect control treatment resulted in a 44% spring wheat yield increase over the check at Bozeman”
e1“Significant interactions among weeds, diseases, and insect pests were shown during the three year study”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed-disease-insect control increased spring wheat yield by 21% over the check at Conrad in 1981.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- weed-disease-insect controle0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 21%e1
- Comparator
- the checke0
- Setting
- Conrade1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1980, the weed-disease-insect control treatment resulted in a 44% spring wheat yield increase over the check at Bozeman”
e1“a 21% and 45% increase at Conrad in 1981 and 1982 respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed-disease-insect control increased spring wheat yield by 45% over the check at Conrad in 1982.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- weed-disease-insect controle0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 45%e1
- Comparator
- the checke0
- Setting
- Conrade1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1980, the weed-disease-insect control treatment resulted in a 44% spring wheat yield increase over the check at Bozeman”
e1“a 21% and 45% increase at Conrad in 1981 and 1982 respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease control produced 35% fewer tillers per square metre than weed-disease-insect control in 1982.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- disease controle1
- Outcome
- tillers/m sq.e1
- Direction
- fewere1
- Value
- 35 %e1
- Comparator
- the weed-disease-insect control treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1980, the weed-disease-insect control treatment resulted in a 44% spring wheat yield increase over the check at Bozeman”
e1“In 1982, the disease control treatment produced 35 % fewer tillers/m sq.than the weed-disease-insect control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Stand counts of spring wheat did not differ significantly among treatments in 1982.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- stand countse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1980, the weed-disease-insect control treatment resulted in a 44% spring wheat yield increase over the check at Bozeman”
e1“even though stand counts were not significantly different among treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease control alone or insect control alone gave spring wheat yields 35% lower than where both diseases and insects were controlled.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- disease control and insect control treatmentse1
- Outcome
- Yieldse1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Value
- 35 %e1
- Comparator
- treatments where both diseases and insects were controllede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1980, the weed-disease-insect control treatment resulted in a 44% spring wheat yield increase over the check at Bozeman”
e1“Yields of the disease control and insect control treatments were 35 % less than in treatments where both diseases and insects were controlled”
Claim · model-written summary
Insect control significantly increased volunteer barley dry weight over the check.
Verbatim
e0“Insect control treatment significantly increased volunteer barley dry weight over the dry weight in the check”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease control reduced nematode populations in spring wheat plots by 70% relative to the check.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- disease controle1
- Outcome
- nematode populationse1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Value
- 70%e1
- Comparator
- the check plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1980, the weed-disease-insect control treatment resulted in a 44% spring wheat yield increase over the check at Bozeman”
e1“The nematode populations were 70% lower in the disease control plots than in the check plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Insect control increased nematode populations in spring wheat plots by 70% relative to the check.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- insect controle1
- Outcome
- Nematode populationse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 70%e1
- Comparator
- the check plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1980, the weed-disease-insect control treatment resulted in a 44% spring wheat yield increase over the check at Bozeman”
e1“Nematode populations in the insect control plots were 70% higher than in the check plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed-insect control reduced sawfly cutting in spring wheat.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- weed-insect controle1
- Interactor
- Sawflye1pest
- Outcome
- Sawfly cuttinge1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1980, the weed-disease-insect control treatment resulted in a 44% spring wheat yield increase over the check at Bozeman”
e1“Sawfly cutting was reduced by weed-insect control”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease control gave significantly lower P. syringae infection in spring wheat than no disease control.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Disease controle1
- Interactor
- P. syringaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- infectione1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- no disease controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1980, the weed-disease-insect control treatment resulted in a 44% spring wheat yield increase over the check at Bozeman”
e1“Disease control resulted in significantly lower P. syringae infection than no disease control”
Claim · model-written summary
Significant interactions among weeds, diseases and insect pests were shown in spring wheat over the three-year study.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- weedse1weed
- Second interactor
- insect pestse1pest
- Outcome
- interactions among weeds, diseases, and insect pestse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1980, the weed-disease-insect control treatment resulted in a 44% spring wheat yield increase over the check at Bozeman”
e1“Significant interactions among weeds, diseases, and insect pests were shown during the three year study”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield constraints due to weeds, diseases and insect pests in spring wheat vary with location and season.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Yield constraintse1
- Setting
- location and seasone1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1980, the weed-disease-insect control treatment resulted in a 44% spring wheat yield increase over the check at Bozeman”
e1“Yield constraints due to these pests vary with location and season”