Abstract
1. Interactions between below‐ and above‐ground organisms have attracted interest in recent years, but less is known about the effect of root‐feeding nematodes on above‐ground trophic interactions between herbivores and their natural enemies. 2. This study examined whether the presence of the soybean cyst root nematode Heterodera glycines influences the performance of the above‐ground leaf‐chewing tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura on soybeans, Glycine max , and whether this in turn affects the success of its parasitoid, Meteorus pulchricornis . Using three soybean cultivars that varied in the level of constitutive resistance to the tobacco cutworm, the study determined whether feeding by the nematode altered the developmental and reproductive performances of the caterpillar and its parasitoid. 3. Root feeding by the nematode slowed tobacco cutworm larval development time and reduced adult body weight. Root feeding by the nematode also had a negative effect on the caterpillar's parasitoid, by prolonging development time, decreasing adult body size and reducing fecundity. These effects increased in a linear trend and varied in magnitude depending on levels of soybean constitutive resistance. 4. These findings demonstrate that root feeding by the nematode can prime soybean plants with negative impacts on their herbivore and its parasitoid, and that the impact may vary in magnitude depending on levels of soybean constitutive defence. The results emphasise the need to integrate soybean constitutive and root nematode‐induced defences for a better understanding of below‐ and above‐ground organism interactions, and to allow insights to be gained into the improvement of soybean integrated pest management programmes.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Root feeding by the nematode slowed development time of the tobacco cutworm on soybean.
- Taxon
- Glycine max
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- Root feeding by the nematodee1
- Interactor
- tobacco cutworme1herbivore
- Second interactor
- Heterodera glycines
Heterodera glycinese2pest - Outcome
- larval development timee1
- Direction
- slowede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spodoptera litura on soybeans, Glycine max”
e1“Root feeding by the nematode slowed tobacco cutworm larval development time and reduced adult body weight”
e2“the soybean cyst root nematode Heterodera glycines”
Claim · model-written summary
Root feeding by the nematode reduced adult body weight of the tobacco cutworm on soybean.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Root feeding by the nematodee1
- Interactor
- tobacco cutworme1herbivore
- Second interactor
- Heterodera glycinesHeterodera glycinese2pest
- Outcome
- adult body weighte1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spodoptera litura on soybeans, Glycine max”
e1“Root feeding by the nematode slowed tobacco cutworm larval development time and reduced adult body weight”
e2“the soybean cyst root nematode Heterodera glycines”
Claim · model-written summary
Root feeding by the nematode prolonged development time of the caterpillar parasitoid.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Root feeding by the nematodee3
- Interactor
- Meteorus pulchricornis
Meteorus pulchricornise4biocontrol_agent - Second interactor
- Heterodera glycinesHeterodera glycinese2pest
- Outcome
- development timee3
- Direction
- prolonginge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spodoptera litura on soybeans, Glycine max”
e2“the soybean cyst root nematode Heterodera glycines”
e3“Root feeding by the nematode also had a negative effect on the caterpillar's parasitoid, by prolonging development time, decreasing adult body size and reducing fecundity”
e4“whether this in turn affects the success of its parasitoid, Meteorus pulchricornis”
Claim · model-written summary
Root feeding by the nematode decreased adult body size of the caterpillar parasitoid.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Root feeding by the nematodee3
- Interactor
- Meteorus pulchricornisMeteorus pulchricornise4biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- Heterodera glycinesHeterodera glycinese2pest
- Outcome
- adult body sizee3
- Direction
- decreasinge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spodoptera litura on soybeans, Glycine max”
e2“the soybean cyst root nematode Heterodera glycines”
e3“Root feeding by the nematode also had a negative effect on the caterpillar's parasitoid, by prolonging development time, decreasing adult body size and reducing fecundity”
e4“whether this in turn affects the success of its parasitoid, Meteorus pulchricornis”
Claim · model-written summary
Root feeding by the nematode reduced fecundity of the caterpillar parasitoid.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Root feeding by the nematodee3
- Interactor
- Meteorus pulchricornisMeteorus pulchricornise4biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- Heterodera glycinesHeterodera glycinese2pest
- Outcome
- fecunditye3
- Direction
- reducinge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spodoptera litura on soybeans, Glycine max”
e2“the soybean cyst root nematode Heterodera glycines”
e3“Root feeding by the nematode also had a negative effect on the caterpillar's parasitoid, by prolonging development time, decreasing adult body size and reducing fecundity”
e4“whether this in turn affects the success of its parasitoid, Meteorus pulchricornis”
Claim · model-written summary
The effects of nematode root feeding increased in a linear trend with the level of soybean constitutive resistance.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe0
- Material
- three soybean cultivarse5
- Outcome
- effectse6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Qualifier
- in a linear trende6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spodoptera litura on soybeans, Glycine max”
e5“Using three soybean cultivars that varied in the level of constitutive resistance to the tobacco cutworm”
e6“These effects increased in a linear trend and varied in magnitude depending on levels of soybean constitutive resistance”
The same questions in other papers
infection · pest · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.