Abstract
Modern maize, wheat, and soybean cultivars are usually characterized by a short cycle, high shoot-root ratio, and high responsiveness to nutrient input. Continuous no-tillage management (NTS) frequently leads to a steep gradient in soil chemical quality with depth, thus decreasing yield under conditions of acid subsoil and water stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of gypsum, applied separately or in combination with lime, on the yield of cultivars used in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The study consisted of four experiments conducted on a typic Hapludox under NTS. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. Experiments I and II were carried out on soils with a satisfactory chemical soil quality and tested treatments of gypsum applications ranging from 0.0 to 6.5 Mg ha-1. The other experiments were carried out on acid soil (experiment III) and a soil with an abrupt drop in chemical quality (experiment IV). Experiment III was arranged in a split plot design, where plots corresponded to gypsum rates between 0.0 and 5.0 Mg ha-1, and subplots to two lime rates (0.0 and 2.0 Mg ha-1). Experiment IV was conducted in a split plot design, with plots consisting of gypsum rates from 0.0 to 6.0 Mg ha-1 and subplots of lime rates from 0.0 to 4.8 Mg ha-1. Of a set of 17 harvests investigated during the experimental period, 82 % responded with yield increases to gypsum and lime inputs. The gypsum rate that induced the highest grain yield was high (4.7 Mg ha-1) and similarly, the maximum technical efficiency of lime was higher than the currently recommended. Furthermore, the combined application of lime and gypsum increased yield. There was a correlation between grain yield with the chemical quality of the soil layer 0.25-0.40 m in experiment I, 0.00-0.40 m in experiment II, and the 0.00-0.25 m in experiment IV. Only in experiment III, where the surface layer was acidic, the diagnostic layer usually sampled (0.00-0.10 m) was correlated with grain yield. Therefore, the use of the 0.00-0.25 m soil layer with critical base saturation values of 65 % and maximum Al saturation of 5 % could improve the current recommendations for soil correction. To exploit the yield potential of modern grain cultivars on dystrophic Oxisol, the formation of a thicker layer with high chemical quality is an efficient strategy.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
In 82 % of 17 harvests, yield of modern maize, wheat and soybean cultivars increased in response to gypsum and lime inputs on no-till Oxisol.
- Taxon
- maize, wheat, and soybean
Glycine max
Triticum aestivum
Zea mayse0 - Treatment
- gypsum and lime inputse1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Value
- 82 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Modern maize, wheat, and soybean cultivars”
e1“Of a set of 17 harvests investigated during the experimental period, 82 % responded with yield increases to gypsum and lime inputs”
Claim · model-written summary
The gypsum rate that gave the highest grain yield of the maize, wheat and soybean cultivars was high, 4.7 Mg ha-1.
- Taxon
- maize, wheat, and soybeanGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- gypsum ratee1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 4.7 Mg ha-1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Modern maize, wheat, and soybean cultivars”
e1“The gypsum rate that induced the highest grain yield was high (4.7 Mg ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum technical efficiency of lime for the cultivars was higher than the currently recommended level.
- Taxon
- maize, wheat, and soybeanGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Outcome
- maximum technical efficiency of limee1
- Direction
- highere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Modern maize, wheat, and soybean cultivars”
e1“the maximum technical efficiency of lime was higher than the currently recommended”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined application of lime and gypsum increased the yield of the cultivars.
- Taxon
- maize, wheat, and soybeanGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- combined application of lime and gypsume1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Modern maize, wheat, and soybean cultivars”
e1“the combined application of lime and gypsum increased yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield correlated with the chemical quality of the 0.25-0.40 m soil layer in experiment I, the 0.00-0.40 m layer in experiment II and the 0.00-0.25 m layer in experiment IV.
- Taxon
- maize, wheat, and soybeanGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Setting
- experiment Ie1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Modern maize, wheat, and soybean cultivars”
e1“There was a correlation between grain yield with the chemical quality of the soil layer 0.25-0.40 m in experiment I, 0.00-0.40 m in experiment II, and the 0.00-0.25 m in experiment IV”
Claim · model-written summary
Only in experiment III, with an acidic surface layer, the usually sampled 0.00-0.10 m diagnostic layer was correlated with grain yield.
- Taxon
- maize, wheat, and soybeanGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Setting
- experiment IIIe1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Modern maize, wheat, and soybean cultivars”
e1“Only in experiment III, where the surface layer was acidic, the diagnostic layer usually sampled (0.00-0.10 m) was correlated with grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that using the 0.00-0.25 m soil layer with critical base saturation of 65 % and maximum Al saturation of 5 % could improve current soil correction recommendations.
- Taxon
- maize, wheat, and soybeanGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Outcome
- use of the 0.00-0.25 m soil layer with critical base saturation values of 65 % and maximum Al saturation of 5 %e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Modern maize, wheat, and soybean cultivars”
e1“the use of the 0.00-0.25 m soil layer with critical base saturation values of 65 % and maximum Al saturation of 5 % could improve the current recommendations for soil correction”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that forming a thicker soil layer of high chemical quality is an efficient strategy to exploit the yield potential of modern grain cultivars on dystrophic Oxisol.
- Taxon
- maize, wheat, and soybeanGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Outcome
- formation of a thicker layer with high chemical qualitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Modern maize, wheat, and soybean cultivars”
e1“the formation of a thicker layer with high chemical quality is an efficient strategy”
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