Abstract
In nature, herbivorous insects and plant pathogens are generally abundant when plants are flowering. Thus, plants face a diversity of attackers during their reproductive phase. Plant responses to one attacker can interfere with responses to a second attacker, and phytohormones that orchestrate plant reproduction are also involved in resistance to insect and pathogen attack. We quantified phytohormonal responses of flowering plants exposed to single or dual attack and studied resistance mechanisms of plants in the flowering stage. Flowering Brassica nigra were exposed to either a chewing caterpillar, a phloem-feeding aphid or a bacterial pathogen, and plant hormonal responses were compared with dual attack situations. We quantified phytohormones in inflorescences and leaves, and determined the consequences of hormonal changes for components of direct and indirect plant resistance. Caterpillars were the main inducers of jasmonates in inflorescences, and the phytohormonal profile of leaves was not affected by either insect or pathogen attack. Dual attack increased plant resistance to caterpillars, but compromised resistance to aphids. Parasitoid performance was negatively correlated with the performance of their hosts. We conclude that plants prioritize resistance of reproductive tissues over vegetative tissues, and that a chewing herbivore species is the main driver of responses in flowering B. nigra.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Caterpillars were the main inducers of inflorescence jasmonates.
- Taxon
- Brassica nigra
_leaves.JPG?width=60)
Brassica nigrat0 - Treatment
- Caterpillarse0
- Interactor
- Caterpillarse0herbivore
- Outcome
- jasmonates in inflorescencese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_leaves.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Caterpillars were the main inducers of jasmonates in inflorescences”
t0“Flowering Brassica nigra”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf phytohormonal profiles were unaffected by insect or pathogen attack.
- Taxon
- Brassica nigraBrassica nigrat0
- Treatment
- insect or pathogen attacke0
- Outcome
- phytohormonal profile of leavese0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the phytohormonal profile of leaves was not affected by either insect or pathogen attack.”
t0“Flowering Brassica nigra”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual attack raised resistance to caterpillars.
- Taxon
- Brassica nigraBrassica nigrat0
- Treatment
- Dual attacke0
- Interactor
- caterpillarse0herbivore
- Outcome
- plant resistance to caterpillarse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dual attack increased plant resistance to caterpillars”
t0“Flowering Brassica nigra”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual attack compromised resistance to aphids.
- Taxon
- Brassica nigraBrassica nigrat0
- Treatment
- Dual attacke1
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Outcome
- resistance to aphidse0
- Direction
- compromisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but compromised resistance to aphids.”
t0“Flowering Brassica nigra”
e1“Dual attack increased plant resistance to caterpillars”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid performance was negatively correlated with host performance.
- Taxon
- Brassica nigraBrassica nigrat0
- Outcome
- Parasitoid performancee0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parasitoid performance was negatively correlated with the performance of their hosts.”
t0“Flowering Brassica nigra”
e1“Dual attack increased plant resistance to caterpillars”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer priority for reproductive tissue resistance.
- Taxon
- Brassica nigraBrassica nigrat0
- Organ / stage
- reproductive tissuese0
- Outcome
- resistance of reproductive tissuese0
- Qualifier
- over vegetative tissuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants prioritize resistance of reproductive tissues over vegetative tissues”
t0“Flowering Brassica nigra”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer a chewing herbivore mainly drives flowering-plant responses.
- Taxon
- B. nigraBrassica nigrae0
- Interactor
- chewing herbivore speciese0herbivore
- Outcome
- responsese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a chewing herbivore species is the main driver of responses in flowering B. nigra.”