Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during rainy seasons in 2011 and 2012 to study the efficacy of pre-and post-emergence herbicides on weeds, growth, symbiotic traits and grain yield of greengram. Preemergence application of pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 kg/ha showed lowest weed index and highest weed control efficiency, followed by pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 0.75 kg/ha and two hand weedings done at 20 and 40 days after sowing. Post-emergence application of quizalofop-ethyl at 37.5 g/ha reduced the number and dry weight of nodules/plant compared to other herbicides. Weed free treatment provided the highest grain yield, gross returns and net returns. Among the herbicides, preemergence application of pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 and 0.75 kg/ha recorded higher grain yield (1.41 and 1.31 t/ha, respectively) and provided higher net returns (` 52970 and ` 48390, respectively) and B: C ratio (2.57 and 2.44, respectively) than the other treatments of herbicides due to significant reduction in the dry weight of weeds and higher weed control efficiency and consequently improving the yield attributing parameters.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin plus imazethapyr at 1.0 kg/ha gave the lowest weed index and highest weed control efficiency, ahead of the lower dose and hand weeding.
- Taxon
- greengram
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiata var. radiatat0 - Treatment
- pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- weed index and highest weed control efficiencye0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 0.75 kg/ha and two hand weedings done at 20 and 40 days after sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“greengram”
e0“Preemergence application of pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 kg/ha showed lowest weed index and highest weed control efficiency, followed by pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 0.75 kg/ha and two hand weedings done at 20 and 40 days after sowing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Quizalofop-ethyl at 37.5 g/ha reduced nodule number and dry weight per plant compared with other herbicides.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- quizalofop-ethyl at 37.5 g/hae0
- Outcome
- number and dry weight of nodules/plante0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- other herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greengram”
e0“Post-emergence application of quizalofop-ethyl at 37.5 g/ha reduced the number and dry weight of nodules/plant compared to other herbicides.”
Claim · model-written summary
The weed-free treatment produced the highest grain yield, gross returns and net returns.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- Weed free treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yield, gross returns and net returnse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greengram”
e0“Weed free treatment provided the highest grain yield, gross returns and net returns.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin plus imazethapyr at 1.0 kg/ha gave higher grain yield than other herbicide treatments (1.41).
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 kg/hae1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.41e0
- Comparator
- other treatments of herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greengram”
e0“Among the herbicides, preemergence application of pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 and 0.75 kg/ha recorded higher grain yield (1.41 and 1.31 t/ha, respectively) and provided higher net returns (` 52970 and ` 48390, respectively) and B: C ratio (2.57 and 2.44, respectively) than the other treatments of herbicides due to significant reduction in the dry weight of weeds and higher weed control efficiency and consequently improving the yield attributing parameters.”
e1“Preemergence application of pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 kg/ha showed lowest weed index and highest weed control efficiency, followed by pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 0.75 kg/ha and two hand weedings done at 20 and 40 days after sowing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin plus imazethapyr at 1.0 kg/ha gave higher net returns than other herbicide treatments (` 52970).
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 kg/hae1
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- ` 52970e0
- Comparator
- other treatments of herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greengram”
e0“Among the herbicides, preemergence application of pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 and 0.75 kg/ha recorded higher grain yield (1.41 and 1.31 t/ha, respectively) and provided higher net returns (` 52970 and ` 48390, respectively) and B: C ratio (2.57 and 2.44, respectively) than the other treatments of herbicides due to significant reduction in the dry weight of weeds and higher weed control efficiency and consequently improving the yield attributing parameters.”
e1“Preemergence application of pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 kg/ha showed lowest weed index and highest weed control efficiency, followed by pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 0.75 kg/ha and two hand weedings done at 20 and 40 days after sowing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin plus imazethapyr at 1.0 kg/ha gave higher B: C ratio than other herbicide treatments (2.57).
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 kg/hae1
- Outcome
- B: C ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.57e0
- Comparator
- other treatments of herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greengram”
e0“Among the herbicides, preemergence application of pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 and 0.75 kg/ha recorded higher grain yield (1.41 and 1.31 t/ha, respectively) and provided higher net returns (` 52970 and ` 48390, respectively) and B: C ratio (2.57 and 2.44, respectively) than the other treatments of herbicides due to significant reduction in the dry weight of weeds and higher weed control efficiency and consequently improving the yield attributing parameters.”
e1“Preemergence application of pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 kg/ha showed lowest weed index and highest weed control efficiency, followed by pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 0.75 kg/ha and two hand weedings done at 20 and 40 days after sowing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin plus imazethapyr at 0.75 kg/ha gave higher grain yield than other herbicide treatments (1.31 t/ha).
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 0.75 kg/hae1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.31 t/hae0
- Comparator
- other treatments of herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greengram”
e0“Among the herbicides, preemergence application of pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 and 0.75 kg/ha recorded higher grain yield (1.41 and 1.31 t/ha, respectively) and provided higher net returns (` 52970 and ` 48390, respectively) and B: C ratio (2.57 and 2.44, respectively) than the other treatments of herbicides due to significant reduction in the dry weight of weeds and higher weed control efficiency and consequently improving the yield attributing parameters.”
e1“Preemergence application of pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 kg/ha showed lowest weed index and highest weed control efficiency, followed by pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 0.75 kg/ha and two hand weedings done at 20 and 40 days after sowing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin plus imazethapyr at 0.75 kg/ha gave higher net returns than other herbicide treatments (` 48390).
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 0.75 kg/hae1
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- ` 48390e0
- Comparator
- other treatments of herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greengram”
e0“Among the herbicides, preemergence application of pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 and 0.75 kg/ha recorded higher grain yield (1.41 and 1.31 t/ha, respectively) and provided higher net returns (` 52970 and ` 48390, respectively) and B: C ratio (2.57 and 2.44, respectively) than the other treatments of herbicides due to significant reduction in the dry weight of weeds and higher weed control efficiency and consequently improving the yield attributing parameters.”
e1“Preemergence application of pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 kg/ha showed lowest weed index and highest weed control efficiency, followed by pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 0.75 kg/ha and two hand weedings done at 20 and 40 days after sowing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin plus imazethapyr at 0.75 kg/ha gave higher B: C ratio than other herbicide treatments (2.44).
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 0.75 kg/hae1
- Outcome
- B: C ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.44e0
- Comparator
- other treatments of herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greengram”
e0“Among the herbicides, preemergence application of pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 and 0.75 kg/ha recorded higher grain yield (1.41 and 1.31 t/ha, respectively) and provided higher net returns (` 52970 and ` 48390, respectively) and B: C ratio (2.57 and 2.44, respectively) than the other treatments of herbicides due to significant reduction in the dry weight of weeds and higher weed control efficiency and consequently improving the yield attributing parameters.”
e1“Preemergence application of pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 kg/ha showed lowest weed index and highest weed control efficiency, followed by pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 0.75 kg/ha and two hand weedings done at 20 and 40 days after sowing.”
Claim · model-written summary
The two pendimethalin plus imazethapyr doses significantly reduced weed dry weight and increased weed control efficiency and yield attributes relative to other herbicides.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 and 0.75 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- dry weight of weedse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- other treatments of herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greengram”
e0“Among the herbicides, preemergence application of pre-mix pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1.0 and 0.75 kg/ha recorded higher grain yield (1.41 and 1.31 t/ha, respectively) and provided higher net returns (` 52970 and ` 48390, respectively) and B: C ratio (2.57 and 2.44, respectively) than the other treatments of herbicides due to significant reduction in the dry weight of weeds and higher weed control efficiency and consequently improving the yield attributing parameters.”
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