Abstract
Some soil fungi in the Leotiomycetes form ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) symbioses with Ericaceae. In the harsh habitats in which they occur, ERM plant survival relies on nutrient mobilization from soil organic matter (SOM) by their fungal partners. The characterization of the fungal genetic machinery underpinning both the symbiotic lifestyle and SOM degradation is needed to understand ERM symbiosis functioning and evolution, and its impact on soil carbon (C) turnover. We sequenced the genomes of the ERM fungi Meliniomyces bicolor, M. variabilis, Oidiodendron maius and Rhizoscyphus ericae, and compared their gene repertoires with those of fungi with different lifestyles (ecto- and orchid mycorrhiza, endophytes, saprotrophs, pathogens). We also identified fungal transcripts induced in symbiosis. The ERM fungal gene contents for polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, lipases, proteases and enzymes involved in secondary metabolism are closer to those of saprotrophs and pathogens than to those of ectomycorrhizal symbionts. The fungal genes most highly upregulated in symbiosis are those coding for fungal and plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), lipases, proteases, transporters and mycorrhiza-induced small secreted proteins (MiSSPs). The ERM fungal gene repertoire reveals a capacity for a dual saprotrophic and biotrophic lifestyle. This may reflect an incomplete transition from saprotrophy to the mycorrhizal habit, or a versatile life strategy similar to fungal endophytes.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The study provides a genome for the ERM fungus Meliniomyces bicolor.
- Taxon
- Meliniomyces bicolorHyaloscypha bicolore0
- Outcome
- genomese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“We sequenced the genomes of the ERM fungi Meliniomyces bicolor, M. variabilis, Oidiodendron maius and Rhizoscyphus ericae”
Claim · model-written summary
The study provides a genome for M. variabilis.
- Taxon
- M. variabilisHyaloscypha variabilise0
- Outcome
- genomese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“We sequenced the genomes of the ERM fungi Meliniomyces bicolor, M. variabilis, Oidiodendron maius and Rhizoscyphus ericae”
Claim · model-written summary
The study provides a genome for Oidiodendron maius.
- Taxon
- Oidiodendron maiusOidiodendron maiuse0
- Outcome
- genomese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“We sequenced the genomes of the ERM fungi Meliniomyces bicolor, M. variabilis, Oidiodendron maius and Rhizoscyphus ericae”
Claim · model-written summary
The study provides a genome for Rhizoscyphus ericae.
- Taxon
- Rhizoscyphus ericae
_1.jpg?width=60)
Hyaloscypha hepaticicolae0 - Outcome
- genomese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_1.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“We sequenced the genomes of the ERM fungi Meliniomyces bicolor, M. variabilis, Oidiodendron maius and Rhizoscyphus ericae”
Claim · model-written summary
ERM fungal contents of genes for polysaccharide degradation, lipases and proteases resemble saprotrophs and pathogens more than ectomycorrhizal symbionts.
Verbatim
e0“The ERM fungal gene contents for polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, lipases, proteases and enzymes involved in secondary metabolism are closer to those of saprotrophs and pathogens than to those of ectomycorrhizal symbionts.”
Claim · model-written summary
ERM fungal gene contents for secondary metabolism also resemble saprotrophs and pathogens more than ectomycorrhizal symbionts.
Verbatim
e0“The ERM fungal gene contents for polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, lipases, proteases and enzymes involved in secondary metabolism are closer to those of saprotrophs and pathogens than to those of ectomycorrhizal symbionts.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell wall-degrading enzyme, lipase and protease genes were among fungal genes most upregulated in symbiosis.
Verbatim
e0“The fungal genes most highly upregulated in symbiosis are those coding for fungal and plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), lipases, proteases, transporters and mycorrhiza-induced small secreted proteins (MiSSPs).”
e1“ERM fungal gene repertoire”
Claim · model-written summary
Transporter and MiSSP genes were also among fungal genes most upregulated in symbiosis.
Verbatim
e0“The fungal genes most highly upregulated in symbiosis are those coding for fungal and plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), lipases, proteases, transporters and mycorrhiza-induced small secreted proteins (MiSSPs).”
e1“ERM fungal gene repertoire”
Claim · model-written summary
The ERM fungal gene repertoire indicates capacity for both saprotrophic and biotrophic lifestyles.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The ERM fungal gene repertoire reveals a capacity for a dual saprotrophic and biotrophic lifestyle.”
Claim · model-written summary
The dual capacity may reflect incomplete transition to mycorrhiza or a versatile strategy like fungal endophytes.
Verbatim
e0“This may reflect an incomplete transition from saprotrophy to the mycorrhizal habit, or a versatile life strategy similar to fungal endophytes.”
e1“The ERM fungal gene repertoire reveals a capacity for a dual saprotrophic and biotrophic lifestyle.”