Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is a phloem sap-feeding insect. During feeding on rice plants, BPH secretes salivary proteins with potential effector functions, which may play a critical role in the plant-insect interactions. However, a limited number of BPH effector proteins have been identified to date. Here, we sequenced the salivary gland transcriptomes of five BPH populations and subsequently established a N. lugens secretome consisting of 1,140 protein-encoding genes. Secretome analysis revealed the presence of both conserved and rapidly evolving salivary proteins. A screen for potential effectors that elicit responses in the plant was performed via the transient expression analysis of 64 BPH salivary proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and rice protoplasts. The salivary proteins Nl12, Nl16, Nl28, and Nl43 induced cell death, whereas Nl40 induced chlorosis and Nl32 induced a dwarf phenotype in N. benthamiana, indicating effector properties of these proteins. Ectopic expression of the six salivary proteins in N. benthamiana upregulated expression of defense-related genes and callose deposition. Tissue expression analysis showed a higher expression level of the six candidate effectors in salivary glands than in other tissues. Subcellular localization and analysis of the domain required for cell death showed a diverse structure of the six effectors. Nl28, Nl40, and Nl43 are N. lugens specific; in contrast, Nl12, Nl16, and Nl32 are conserved among insects. The Nl40 family has numerous isoforms produced by alternative splicing, exemplifying rapid evolution and expansion of effector proteins in the BPH. Our results suggest a potential large effector repertoire in BPH and a higher level of effector conservation exist in BPH compared with that in plant pathogens.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Sequencing yielded a N. lugens secretome of 1,140 protein-encoding genes.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Interactor
- N. lugens
Nilaparvata lugense1pest - Outcome
- secretomee1
- Value
- 1,140 protein-encoding genese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During feeding on rice plants, BPH secretes salivary proteins”
e1“established a N. lugens secretome consisting of 1,140 protein-encoding genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Secretome analysis found conserved and rapidly evolving salivary proteins.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- conserved and rapidly evolving salivary proteinse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During feeding on rice plants, BPH secretes salivary proteins”
e1“Secretome analysis revealed the presence of both conserved and rapidly evolving salivary proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
Nl12, Nl16, Nl28 and Nl43 induced cell death in N. benthamiana.
- Taxon
- N. benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae1 - Treatment
- Nl12, Nl16, Nl28, and Nl43e1
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- cell deathe1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)”
e1“The salivary proteins Nl12, Nl16, Nl28, and Nl43 induced cell death, whereas Nl40 induced chlorosis and Nl32 induced a dwarf phenotype in N. benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Nl40 induced chlorosis in N. benthamiana.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Treatment
- Nl40e1
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- chlorosise1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)”
e1“Nl40 induced chlorosis and Nl32 induced a dwarf phenotype in N. benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Nl32 induced a dwarf phenotype in N. benthamiana.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Treatment
- Nl32e1
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- dwarf phenotypee1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)”
e1“Nl32 induced a dwarf phenotype in N. benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectopic expression of six salivary proteins upregulated defense-related genes and callose deposition in N. benthamiana.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Treatment
- Ectopic expression of the six salivary proteinse1
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- expression of defense-related genes and callose depositione1
- Direction
- upregulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)”
e1“Ectopic expression of the six salivary proteins in N. benthamiana upregulated expression of defense-related genes and callose deposition”
Claim · model-written summary
Six candidate effectors had higher expression in salivary glands than other tissues.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- salivary glandse1
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- expression level of the six candidate effectorse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- other tissuese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During feeding on rice plants, BPH secretes salivary proteins”
e1“Tissue expression analysis showed a higher expression level of the six candidate effectors in salivary glands than in other tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
The six effectors had diverse structures in localization and cell-death domain analyses.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- diverse structure of the six effectorse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During feeding on rice plants, BPH secretes salivary proteins”
e1“Subcellular localization and analysis of the domain required for cell death showed a diverse structure of the six effectors”
Claim · model-written summary
Nl28, Nl40 and Nl43 were N. lugens specific.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- N. lugensNilaparvata lugense1pest
- Gene
- Nl28, Nl40, and Nl43e1
- Outcome
- N. lugens specifice1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During feeding on rice plants, BPH secretes salivary proteins”
e1“Nl28, Nl40, and Nl43 are N. lugens specific”
Claim · model-written summary
Nl12, Nl16 and Nl32 were conserved among insects.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Gene
- Nl12, Nl16, and Nl32e1
- Outcome
- conserved among insectse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During feeding on rice plants, BPH secretes salivary proteins”
e1“Nl12, Nl16, and Nl32 are conserved among insects”
Claim · model-written summary
The Nl40 family had many alternatively spliced isoforms.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Gene
- Nl40e1
- Outcome
- numerous isoforms produced by alternative splicinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During feeding on rice plants, BPH secretes salivary proteins”
e1“The Nl40 family has numerous isoforms produced by alternative splicing”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred a large effector repertoire and greater effector conservation in BPH than plant pathogens.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- BPHe1pest
- Outcome
- effector conservatione1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- potential large effector repertoiree1
- Comparator
- plant pathogense1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During feeding on rice plants, BPH secretes salivary proteins”
e1“a potential large effector repertoire in BPH and a higher level of effector conservation exist in BPH compared with that in plant pathogens”
The same questions in other papers
overexpression · molecular: expression · Nicotiana benthamianaPositive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.