Abstract
The North American-introduced fungal plant pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare has become invasive in pine stands of central Italy and has broadly hybridized with the native congeneric species H. annosum. In this study, by genotyping Heterobasidion fruiting bodies and mycelia in pine logs inoculated with both fungal species, we showed that H. irregulare developed fruiting bodies at a 1.9-fold higher frequency when spatially overlapping with H. annosum than when by itself. In spite of different fruiting rates, all fruiting bodies were morphologically identical, independently of where they were formed, indicating that increased fruiting rate is likely to increase production of spores. Although all possible nuclear–mitochondrial combinations were identified in hybrids formed in inoculated pine logs, hybrids with nuclei of both species and the H. irregulare mitochondrion were favoured, while hybrids with both nuclei of one species and mitochondria of the other species were less frequent. Based on these results, predictions on the wider invasion of H. irregulare in Europe and recommendations for its containment are formulated.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
H. irregulare formed fruiting bodies 1.9-fold more frequently when spatially overlapping with H. annosum than alone in inoculated pine logs.
- Taxon
- H. irregulare
_Garbel._%26_Otrosina_695974.jpg?width=60)
Heterobasidion irregularee0 - Organ / stage
- fruiting bodiese0
- Treatment
- spatially overlapping with H. annosume0
- Interactor
- H. annosum
Heterobasidion annosume0other - Outcome
- fruiting bodiese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.9-folde0
- Comparator
- by itselfe0
PinusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Garbel._%26_Otrosina_695974.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In this study, by genotyping Heterobasidion fruiting bodies and mycelia in pine logs inoculated with both fungal species, we showed that H. irregulare developed fruiting bodies at a 1.9-fold higher frequency when spatially overlapping with H. annosum than when by itself.”
Claim · model-written summary
All fruiting bodies were morphologically identical regardless of their formation location, despite differing fruiting rates.
- Taxon
- Heterobasidion
Heterobasidione1 - Organ / stage
- fruiting bodiese0
- Outcome
- morphologically identicale0
- Qualifier
- independently of where they were formede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In spite of different fruiting rates, all fruiting bodies were morphologically identical, independently of where they were formed”
e1“by genotyping Heterobasidion fruiting bodies and mycelia in pine logs”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that increased fruiting rate is likely to increase spore production.
- Taxon
- HeterobasidionHeterobasidione1
- Outcome
- production of sporese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- increased fruiting rate is likely to increase production of sporese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indicating that increased fruiting rate is likely to increase production of spores.”
e1“by genotyping Heterobasidion fruiting bodies and mycelia in pine logs”
Claim · model-written summary
All possible nuclear–mitochondrial combinations were identified in hybrids in inoculated pine logs.
- Taxon
- HeterobasidionHeterobasidione1
- Outcome
- all possible nuclear–mitochondrial combinationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although all possible nuclear–mitochondrial combinations were identified in hybrids formed in inoculated pine logs”
e1“by genotyping Heterobasidion fruiting bodies and mycelia in pine logs”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrids containing nuclei of both species and the H. irregulare mitochondrion were favored.
- Taxon
- HeterobasidionHeterobasidione1
- Outcome
- hybrids with nuclei of both species and the H. irregulare mitochondrione0
- Direction
- favourede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hybrids with nuclei of both species and the H. irregulare mitochondrion were favoured”
e1“by genotyping Heterobasidion fruiting bodies and mycelia in pine logs”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrids with both nuclei from one species and mitochondria from the other were less frequent.
- Taxon
- HeterobasidionHeterobasidione1
- Outcome
- hybrids with both nuclei of one species and mitochondria of the other speciese0
- Direction
- less frequente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hybrids with both nuclei of one species and mitochondria of the other species were less frequent.”
e1“by genotyping Heterobasidion fruiting bodies and mycelia in pine logs”