Abstract
The leaf spot or Tikka disease (Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum) of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is the predominant, devastating, common constraints and economically important foliar fungal disease and major yield reducing factor of groundnut, not only in Bangladesh, but also all over the world. The yield loss was calculated in the groundnut due to early and late leaf spot (Tikka) by over 30-48% in Bangladesh. The efficacy of three botanicals viz. neem leaf (Azadirachta indica), debdaru leaf (Polyalthia longifolia), and datura leaf (Datura metel), BAU-Biofungicide along with a check (Bavistin) and untreated control were evaluated as foliar spray in the field in the present research work. Among the treatments, BAU-Biofungicide, extracts of neem leaf, datura leaf and debdaru leaf showed excellent performance in controlling leaf spot and increasing pod yield by 53.61, 51.91, 40.85 and 38.72%, respectively as compared to control. In case of seedling germination, BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment+ spray gave 97.77% germination followed by extracts of neem leaf (88.14%), datura leaf (93.33%) and debdaru leaf (95.55%). BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment+ spray produced higher length and weight of shoot and root and vigour index as compared to untreated control. Maximum vigour index was observed under BAU-Biofungicide spray. BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment+ spray gave higher plant height, number of leaves and minimum number of infected leaves as compared to control. Minimum percentages of leaf area diseased were obtained with BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment + spray followed by Bavistin. BAU-Biofungicide, extracts of neem leaf, datura leaf and debdaru leaf showed promising performance in number and weight of pods and pod yield. Maximum weight of pods/plant and weight of mature pods/plant was achieved with BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment + sprays followed by extract of neem leaf spray. The highest net profit was recorded with the use of BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment + foliar spray by Tk. 176768.00/ha followed by extracts of neem leaf Tk. 172275.00/ha, while the lowest Tk. 96443.00/ha in untreated control. Maximum Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) 1: 2.77 was found in BAU-Biofungicide seed treatment + spray followed by BAU-Biofungicide seed treatment (1: 2.65), BAU-Biofungicide spray (1: 2.64) and extracts of neem leaf (1:2.62).
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Early and late leaf spot caused over 30-48% yield loss in groundnut in Bangladesh.
- Taxon
- groundnut
Arachis hypogaeae0 - Interactor
- Cercospora arachidicolaMycosphaerella arachidise1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Cercosporidium personatumNothopassalora personatae1pathogen
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Value
- over 30-48%e0
- Setting
- Bangladeshe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield loss was calculated in the groundnut due to early and late leaf spot (Tikka) by over 30-48% in Bangladesh.”
e1“leaf spot or Tikka disease (Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum) of groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
BAU-Biofungicide controlled leaf spot and increased groundnut pod yield by 53.61% relative to control.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- BAU-Biofungicidee0
- Interactor
- Cercospora arachidicolaMycosphaerella arachidise1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Cercosporidium personatumNothopassalora personatae1pathogen
- Outcome
- pod yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 53.61e2
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BAU-Biofungicide, extracts of neem leaf, datura leaf and debdaru leaf showed excellent performance in controlling leaf spot and increasing pod yield by 53.61, 51.91, 40.85 and 38.72%, respectively as compared to control.”
t0“Groundnut”
e1“leaf spot or Tikka disease (Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum) of groundnut”
e2“53.61, 51.91, 40.85 and 38.72%”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem leaf extract controlled leaf spot and increased pod yield by 51.91% compared with control.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- extracts of neem leafe0
- Interactor
- Cercospora arachidicolaMycosphaerella arachidise1pathogen
- Outcome
- pod yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 51.91e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“extracts of neem leaf, datura leaf and debdaru leaf showed excellent performance in controlling leaf spot and increasing pod yield by 53.61, 51.91, 40.85 and 38.72%, respectively as compared to control.”
t0“Groundnut”
e1“leaf spot or Tikka disease (Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum) of groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
Datura leaf extract controlled leaf spot and increased pod yield by 40.85% compared with control.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- datura leafe0
- Interactor
- Cercospora arachidicolaMycosphaerella arachidise1pathogen
- Outcome
- pod yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 40.85e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“extracts of neem leaf, datura leaf and debdaru leaf showed excellent performance in controlling leaf spot and increasing pod yield by 53.61, 51.91, 40.85 and 38.72%, respectively as compared to control.”
t0“Groundnut”
e1“leaf spot or Tikka disease (Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum) of groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
Debdaru leaf extract controlled leaf spot and increased pod yield by 38.72% compared with control.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- debdaru leafe0
- Interactor
- Cercospora arachidicolaMycosphaerella arachidise1pathogen
- Outcome
- pod yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 38.72%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“extracts of neem leaf, datura leaf and debdaru leaf showed excellent performance in controlling leaf spot and increasing pod yield by 53.61, 51.91, 40.85 and 38.72%, respectively as compared to control.”
t0“Groundnut”
e1“leaf spot or Tikka disease (Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum) of groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
BAU-Biofungicide seed treatment and spray gave 97.77% seedling germination.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment+ spraye0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- gavee0
- Value
- 97.77%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment+ spray gave 97.77% germination followed by extracts of neem leaf (88.14%), datura leaf (93.33%) and debdaru leaf (95.55%).”
t0“Groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem leaf extract gave 88.14% seedling germination.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- extracts of neem leafe0
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Value
- 88.14%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“extracts of neem leaf (88.14%), datura leaf (93.33%) and debdaru leaf (95.55%)”
t0“Groundnut”
e1“97.77% germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Datura leaf extract gave 93.33% seedling germination.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- datura leafe0
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Value
- 93.33%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“datura leaf (93.33%)”
t0“Groundnut”
e1“97.77% germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Debdaru leaf extract gave 95.55% seedling germination.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- debdaru leafe0
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Value
- 95.55%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“debdaru leaf (95.55%)”
t0“Groundnut”
e1“97.77% germination”
Claim · model-written summary
BAU-Biofungicide seed treatment and spray increased shoot and root length and weight and vigour index versus untreated control.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment+ spraye0
- Outcome
- length and weight of shoot and root and vigour indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment+ spray produced higher length and weight of shoot and root and vigour index as compared to untreated control.”
t0“Groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
BAU-Biofungicide spray produced maximum vigour index.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- BAU-Biofungicide spraye0
- Outcome
- Maximum vigour indexe0
- Direction
- Maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum vigour index was observed under BAU-Biofungicide spray.”
t0“Groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
BAU-Biofungicide seed treatment and spray increased plant height and leaf number relative to control.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment+ spraye0
- Outcome
- plant height, number of leavese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment+ spray gave higher plant height, number of leaves and minimum number of infected leaves as compared to control.”
t0“Groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
BAU-Biofungicide seed treatment and spray minimized infected leaf number relative to control.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment+ spraye0
- Outcome
- number of infected leavese0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment+ spray gave higher plant height, number of leaves and minimum number of infected leaves as compared to control.”
t0“Groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
BAU-Biofungicide seed treatment and spray gave the minimum diseased leaf area percentage, followed by Bavistin.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment + spraye0
- Outcome
- percentages of leaf area diseasede0
- Direction
- Minimume0
- Comparator
- Bavistine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Minimum percentages of leaf area diseased were obtained with BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment + spray followed by Bavistin.”
t0“Groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
BAU-Biofungicide seed treatment and spray gave maximum pod and mature pod weight per plant, followed by neem extract spray.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment + sprayse0
- Outcome
- weight of pods/plant and weight of mature pods/plante0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Comparator
- extract of neem leaf spraye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum weight of pods/plant and weight of mature pods/plant was achieved with BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment + sprays followed by extract of neem leaf spray.”
t0“Groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
BAU-Biofungicide seed treatment and spray had the highest net profit, Tk. 176768.00/ha.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment + foliar spraye0
- Outcome
- net profite0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- Tk. 176768.00/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest net profit was recorded with the use of BAU-Biofungicide as seed treatment + foliar spray by Tk. 176768.00/ha followed by extracts of neem leaf Tk. 172275.00/ha, while the lowest Tk. 96443.00/ha in untreated control.”
t0“Groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem leaf extract returned net profit of Tk. 172275.00/ha.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- extracts of neem leafe0
- Outcome
- net profite1
- Value
- Tk. 172275.00/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“extracts of neem leaf Tk. 172275.00/ha”
t0“Groundnut”
e1“highest net profit”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated control had the lowest net profit, Tk. 96443.00/ha.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- untreated controle0
- Outcome
- net profite1
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- Tk. 96443.00/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest Tk. 96443.00/ha in untreated control”
t0“Groundnut”
e1“highest net profit”
Claim · model-written summary
BAU-Biofungicide seed treatment and spray had maximum benefit-cost ratio of 1: 2.77.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- BAU-Biofungicide seed treatment + spraye0
- Outcome
- Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR)e0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 1: 2.77e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) 1: 2.77 was found in BAU-Biofungicide seed treatment + spray”
t0“Groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
BAU-Biofungicide seed treatment, spray, and neem leaf extract followed with benefit-cost ratios of 1: 2.65, 1: 2.64, and 1:2.62, respectively.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR)e1
- Value
- 1: 2.65e0
- Qualifier
- BAU-Biofungicide spray (1: 2.64) and extracts of neem leaf (1:2.62)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by BAU-Biofungicide seed treatment (1: 2.65), BAU-Biofungicide spray (1: 2.64) and extracts of neem leaf (1:2.62).”
t0“Groundnut”
e1“Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR)”
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