Abstract
The field trials were conducted during two winter wheat growing seasons (2013-2014 and 2014-2015, respectively) to estimate grass weed control with pre-emergence (PRE-EM) pre- mixes in winter wheat crop. Both sites were naturally infested with a high population of Avena ludoviciana Dur., Apera spica-venti (L.) P. Beauv., Milium vernale M. Bieb. and Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. The efficacy of pre-emergence (PRE-EM) herbicides varied among weed species, treatments, periods of efficacy estimation, regions and years, respectively. The overall performance of the PRE-EM herbicide premixes was correlated with the weather conditions. All PRE-EM herbicide premixes effectively reduced Apera spica-venti and Milium vernale at the Bitola region in 2013-2014, but not in 2014-2015, due to heavy rain (68 mm) during the 1st and 2nd week following the herbicide applications. Contrary to this, the limited precipitation after the PRE-EM application may have contributed to the poor performance of PRE-EM herbicides in controlling A. myosuroides in the Probištip region in 2013. Control of A. myosuroides improved in 2014-2015, because the Probištip region received enough precipitation to increase the efficacy of PRE-EM herbicide premixes. Twenty-eight DAA, all PRE-EM applied premixes controlled A. myosuroides between 92 and 100%. The high efficacy in A. myosuroides control was also kept at 150 DAA. PRE-EM herbicide premixes controlled A. ludoviciana poorly (less than 69% and 63% in the Bitola region and no more than 49% and 67% in the Probištip region for both years, respectively), because of the ability of some seeds to germinate from greater depths, dormancy and multiple emerging flushes.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Premix efficacy varied by weed species, treatment, assessment period, region, and year.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- pre-emergence (PRE-EM) herbicidese0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- variede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The efficacy of pre-emergence (PRE-EM) herbicides varied among weed species, treatments, periods of efficacy estimation, regions and years, respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Overall premix performance correlated with weather conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PRE-EM herbicide premixese0
- Outcome
- overall performancee0
- Direction
- correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The overall performance of the PRE-EM herbicide premixes was correlated with the weather conditions.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Premixes effectively reduced Apera spica-venti in Bitola in 2013-2014.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PRE-EM herbicide premixese0
- Interactor
- Apera spica-venti
Apera spica-ventie0weed - Outcome
- Apera spica-ventie0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- 2014-2015e0
- Setting
- Bitola regione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All PRE-EM herbicide premixes effectively reduced Apera spica-venti and Milium vernale at the Bitola region in 2013-2014, but not in 2014-2015”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Premixes effectively reduced Milium vernale in Bitola in 2013-2014.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PRE-EM herbicide premixese0
- Interactor
- Milium vernaleMilium vernalee0weed
- Outcome
- Milium vernalee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- 2014-2015e0
- Setting
- Bitola regione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All PRE-EM herbicide premixes effectively reduced Apera spica-venti and Milium vernale at the Bitola region in 2013-2014, but not in 2014-2015”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Control of A. myosuroides in Probištip improved in 2014-2015 with adequate precipitation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- A. myosuroides
Alopecurus myosuroidese0weed - Outcome
- Control of A. myosuroidese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Setting
- Probištip regione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Control of A. myosuroides improved in 2014-2015, because the Probištip region received enough precipitation to increase the efficacy of PRE-EM herbicide premixes.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 28 days after application, premixes controlled A. myosuroides by 92 to 100%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PRE-EM applied premixese0
- Interactor
- A. myosuroidesAlopecurus myosuroidese0weed
- Outcome
- A. myosuroidese0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- between 92 and 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twenty-eight DAA, all PRE-EM applied premixes controlled A. myosuroides between 92 and 100%.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
High efficacy against A. myosuroides persisted at 150 days after application.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- A. myosuroidesAlopecurus myosuroidese0weed
- Outcome
- A. myosuroides controle0
- Direction
- high efficacye0
- Qualifier
- 150 DAAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The high efficacy in A. myosuroides control was also kept at 150 DAA.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Premixes controlled A. ludoviciana poorly in Bitola in the two years.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PRE-EM herbicide premixese0
- Interactor
- A. ludoviciana
.jpg?width=60)
Avena sterilis subsp. ludovicianae0weed - Outcome
- A. ludovicianae0
- Direction
- poorlye0
- Value
- less than 69% and 63%e0
- Setting
- Bitola regione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“PRE-EM herbicide premixes controlled A. ludoviciana poorly (less than 69% and 63% in the Bitola region and no more than 49% and 67% in the Probištip region for both years, respectively)”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Premixes controlled A. ludoviciana poorly in Probištip in the two years.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PRE-EM herbicide premixese0
- Interactor
- A. ludovicianaAvena sterilis subsp. ludovicianae0weed
- Outcome
- A. ludovicianae0
- Direction
- poorlye0
- Value
- no more than 49% and 67%e0
- Setting
- Probištip regione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PRE-EM herbicide premixes controlled A. ludoviciana poorly (less than 69% and 63% in the Bitola region and no more than 49% and 67% in the Probištip region for both years, respectively)”
t0“winter wheat”
The same questions in other papers
herbicide · Apera spica-venti · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →herbicide · Alopecurus myosuroides · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →herbicide · Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.