Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes, particularly root-knot nematodes (RKN: Meloidogyne spp.) and cyst nematodes (CN: Globodera and Heterodera spp.) cause severe yield reduction in most cultivated crops and are of high economic importance. African nightshade (Solanum spp.) and African spinach (Amaranthus spp.) are important African indigenous vegetables (AIV) and are rich sources of nutrition and income. However, their host status to plant-parasitic nematodes remains largely speculative. Therefore, a survey was conducted which revealed that S. villosum exhibited high root galling, whereas on S. scabrum, A. cruentus, and A. dubius root galling was rare or very low. Additionally, soil collected from the rhizosphere of S. villosum and S. scabrum contained few cysts of potato cyst nematodes (PCN), and no developing PCN females were observed on the roots of growing plants. Therefore, we studied the dynamics of RKN and PCN on A. dubius, A. cruentus, S. scabrum, and S. villosum over 2 years in a field experiment. The effects of AIV crop species on RKN and PCN soil infestation were evaluated using susceptible S. lycopersicum or S. tuberosum. After first, second, and third cultivation of A. dubius, A. cruentus, and S. scabrum, RKN infestation of the soil decreased by more than 85%, whereas S. scabrum and S. villosum decreased PCN densities by more than 80%. When cropping susceptible crops, after three seasons of successive cultivation of these AIV, galling index and number of developing PCN females measured on susceptible crops decreased by more than 75%. Wilting and RKN-PCN coinfection incidences also decreased significantly. Here, we present data that support the development of a novel cropping system including African spinach and African nightshade, which reveals a high potential to manage RKN and PCN in an environmentally friendly, effective, and productive way.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
S. villosum had high root galling.
- Taxon
- S. villosum
Solanum villosume0 - Outcome
- root gallinge0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S. villosum exhibited high root galling”
Claim · model-written summary
Root galling was rare or very low on S. scabrum, A. cruentus and A. dubius.
- Taxon
- S. scabrum, A. cruentus, and A. dubius
Amaranthus cruentus
Solanum scabrum
Amaranthus dubiuse0 - Outcome
- root gallinge0
- Direction
- rare or very lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on S. scabrum, A. cruentus, and A. dubius root galling was rare or very low.”
Claim · model-written summary
Few PCN cysts occurred in the rhizosphere of S. villosum and S. scabrum.
- Taxon
- S. villosum and S. scabrumSolanum villosumSolanum scabrume0
- Interactor
- potato cyst nematodese0pest
- Outcome
- few cysts of potato cyst nematodese0
- Direction
- fewe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil collected from the rhizosphere of S. villosum and S. scabrum contained few cysts of potato cyst nematodes (PCN)”
Claim · model-written summary
No developing PCN females were seen on growing plant roots.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Interactor
- PCNe0pest
- Outcome
- developing PCN femalese0
- Direction
- noe0
Verbatim
e0“no developing PCN females were observed on the roots of growing plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Successive A. dubius, A. cruentus and S. scabrum cultivation reduced soil RKN infestation by over 85%.
- Taxon
- A. dubius, A. cruentus, and S. scabrumAmaranthus cruentusSolanum scabrumAmaranthus dubiuse0
- Treatment
- first, second, and third cultivatione0
- Interactor
- RKNe0pest
- Outcome
- RKN infestation of the soile0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- more than 85%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After first, second, and third cultivation of A. dubius, A. cruentus, and S. scabrum, RKN infestation of the soil decreased by more than 85%”
Claim · model-written summary
S. scabrum and S. villosum cultivation reduced PCN density by over 80%.
- Taxon
- S. scabrum and S. villosumSolanum villosumSolanum scabrume0
- Treatment
- S. scabrum and S. villosume0
- Interactor
- PCNe0pest
- Outcome
- PCN densitiese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- more than 80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S. scabrum and S. villosum decreased PCN densities by more than 80%.”
Claim · model-written summary
After three AIV seasons, susceptible crop galling index fell by over 75%.
- Taxon
- susceptible cropse0
- Treatment
- three seasons of successive cultivation of these AIVe0
- Outcome
- galling indexe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- more than 75%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“after three seasons of successive cultivation of these AIV, galling index and number of developing PCN females measured on susceptible crops decreased by more than 75%.”
Claim · model-written summary
After three AIV seasons, developing PCN females on susceptible crops fell by over 75%.
- Taxon
- susceptible cropse0
- Treatment
- three seasons of successive cultivation of these AIVe0
- Interactor
- PCNe0pest
- Outcome
- number of developing PCN femalese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- more than 75%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“after three seasons of successive cultivation of these AIV, galling index and number of developing PCN females measured on susceptible crops decreased by more than 75%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wilting incidence decreased significantly.
Verbatim
e0“Wilting and RKN-PCN coinfection incidences also decreased significantly.”
e1“galling index and number of developing PCN females measured on susceptible crops”
Claim · model-written summary
RKN-PCN coinfection incidence decreased significantly.
Verbatim
e0“Wilting and RKN-PCN coinfection incidences also decreased significantly.”
e1“galling index and number of developing PCN females measured on susceptible crops”