Abstract
Effects of extracts from Phytolacca americana,an invasive alien plant,on seed germination and seedling growth of Melilotus officinalis,Brassica pekinensis,Plantago virginica,and Digitaria sanguinalis were investigated in laboratory.Results show that ethanolic extract from the plant 1 000-4 000,4 000,and 2 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration significantly inhibited seed germination of B.pekinensis,P.virginica,and D.sanguinalis,respectively,and water extract 1 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration also did significantly that of D.sanguinalis with the highest inhibition rates being 32.22%,46.56%,32.69%,and 28.57%,respectively.The ethanolic extract 250-500 μg·mL-1 in concentration and the water extract 250-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration increased root length of M.officinalis seedlings and both the ethanolic extract 250-1 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration and water extract 250-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration promoted growth of the seedling in height,and the water extract 500 μg·mL-1 in concentration increased significantly dry weight of the seedlings,with the highest promotion rates being 21.32%,37.89%,12.94%,32.07%,and 18.81%,respectively.The ethanolic extract 1 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration and the water extract 4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration both inhibited growth of B.pekinensis roots in length;both the ethanolic and water extracts 2 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration did the plants in height,and the water extract 4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration did seedling dry weight of the plant,too,with the highest inhibition rates being 37.00%,20.95%,25.63%,22.30%,and 13.67%,respectively.The water extract 250-1 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration significantly promoted seedling root length of P.virginica,and 250-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration it did seedling height,too,but the ethanolic extract 1 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration significantly inhibited growth of its root in length,and 4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration it did seedling height and dry weight of the seedlings,with the highest inhibition rates being 58.06%,29.72%,and 18.36%,respectively.The ethanolic extract 500-4 000,1 000-4 000 and 2 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration inhibited the seedlings of D.sanguinalis in root length,height and dry weight,respectively,and the water extract 4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration did the seedlings in root length,with the highest inhibition rates being 70.31%,44.65%,42.43%,and 35.50%,respectively.Obviously,P.americana has a strong effect of allelopathic inhibition on seed germination and seedling growth of B.pekinensis,P.virginica and D.sanguinalis,but an effect of allelopathic promotion on invasive plant M.officinalis,which directly or indirectly strengthens its invasiveness.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract (1 000-4 000 μg·mL-1) significantly inhibited seed germination of B.pekinensis, highest inhibition 32.22%.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americana
.jpg?width=60)
Phytolacca americanat0 - Treatment
- ethanolic extracte1
- Interactor
- B.pekinensis
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensise1other - Outcome
- seed germinatione1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Value
- 32.22%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Phytolacca americana”
e1“ethanolic extract from the plant 1 000-4 000,4 000,and 2 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration significantly inhibited seed germination of B.pekinensis,P.virginica,and D.sanguinalis,respectively”
e2“water extract 1 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration also did significantly that of D.sanguinalis with the highest inhibition rates being 32.22%,46.56%,32.69%,and 28.57%,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract (4 000 μg·mL-1) significantly inhibited seed germination of P.virginica, highest inhibition 46.56%.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americanaPhytolacca americanat0
- Treatment
- ethanolic extracte1
- Interactor
- P.virginica
Plantago virginicae1other - Outcome
- seed germinatione1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Value
- 46.56%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytolacca americana”
e1“ethanolic extract from the plant 1 000-4 000,4 000,and 2 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration significantly inhibited seed germination of B.pekinensis,P.virginica,and D.sanguinalis,respectively”
e2“water extract 1 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration also did significantly that of D.sanguinalis with the highest inhibition rates being 32.22%,46.56%,32.69%,and 28.57%,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract (2 000-4 000 μg·mL-1) significantly inhibited seed germination of D.sanguinalis, highest inhibition 32.69%.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americanaPhytolacca americanat0
- Treatment
- ethanolic extracte1
- Interactor
- D.sanguinalis
.jpg?width=60)
Digitaria sanguinalise1other - Outcome
- seed germinatione1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Value
- 32.69%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Phytolacca americana”
e1“ethanolic extract from the plant 1 000-4 000,4 000,and 2 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration significantly inhibited seed germination of B.pekinensis,P.virginica,and D.sanguinalis,respectively”
e2“water extract 1 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration also did significantly that of D.sanguinalis with the highest inhibition rates being 32.22%,46.56%,32.69%,and 28.57%,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Water extract (1 000-4 000 μg·mL-1) significantly inhibited seed germination of D.sanguinalis, highest inhibition 28.57%.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americanaPhytolacca americanat0
- Treatment
- water extracte2
- Interactor
- D.sanguinalisDigitaria sanguinalise1other
- Outcome
- seed germinatione1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
- Value
- 28.57%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytolacca americana”
e1“ethanolic extract from the plant 1 000-4 000,4 000,and 2 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration significantly inhibited seed germination of B.pekinensis,P.virginica,and D.sanguinalis,respectively”
e2“water extract 1 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration also did significantly that of D.sanguinalis with the highest inhibition rates being 32.22%,46.56%,32.69%,and 28.57%,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract (500-4 000 μg·mL-1) inhibited root length of D.sanguinalis seedlings, highest inhibition 70.31%.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americanaPhytolacca americanat0
- Treatment
- ethanolic extracte0
- Interactor
- D.sanguinalisDigitaria sanguinalise0other
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 70.31%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytolacca americana”
e0“The ethanolic extract 500-4 000,1 000-4 000 and 2 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration inhibited the seedlings of D.sanguinalis in root length, height and dry weight,respectively, and the water extract 4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration did the seedlings in root length,with the highest inhibition rates being 70.31%,44.65%,42.43%,and 35.50%,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract (1 000-4 000 μg·mL-1) inhibited seedling height of D.sanguinalis, highest inhibition 44.65%.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americanaPhytolacca americanat0
- Treatment
- ethanolic extracte0
- Interactor
- D.sanguinalisDigitaria sanguinalise0other
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 44.65%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytolacca americana”
e0“The ethanolic extract 500-4 000,1 000-4 000 and 2 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration inhibited the seedlings of D.sanguinalis in root length, height and dry weight,respectively, and the water extract 4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration did the seedlings in root length,with the highest inhibition rates being 70.31%,44.65%,42.43%,and 35.50%,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract (2 000-4 000 μg·mL-1) inhibited seedling dry weight of D.sanguinalis, highest inhibition 42.43%.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americanaPhytolacca americanat0
- Treatment
- ethanolic extracte0
- Interactor
- D.sanguinalisDigitaria sanguinalise0other
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 42.43%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytolacca americana”
e0“The ethanolic extract 500-4 000,1 000-4 000 and 2 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration inhibited the seedlings of D.sanguinalis in root length, height and dry weight,respectively, and the water extract 4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration did the seedlings in root length,with the highest inhibition rates being 70.31%,44.65%,42.43%,and 35.50%,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Water extract (4 000 μg·mL-1) inhibited root length of D.sanguinalis, highest inhibition 35.50%.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americanaPhytolacca americanat0
- Treatment
- water extracte0
- Interactor
- D.sanguinalisDigitaria sanguinalise0other
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 35.50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytolacca americana”
e0“The ethanolic extract 500-4 000,1 000-4 000 and 2 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration inhibited the seedlings of D.sanguinalis in root length, height and dry weight,respectively, and the water extract 4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration did the seedlings in root length,with the highest inhibition rates being 70.31%,44.65%,42.43%,and 35.50%,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract (250-500 μg·mL-1) increased root length of M.officinalis seedlings; ethanolic extract (250-1 000 μg·mL-1) promoted seedling height.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americanaPhytolacca americanat0
- Treatment
- ethanolic extracte3
- Interactor
- M.officinalis
Melilotus officinalise3other - Outcome
- root lengthe3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- promoted growth of the seedling in heighte4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytolacca americana”
e3“The ethanolic extract 250-500 μg·mL-1 in concentration and the water extract 250-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration increased root length of M.officinalis seedlings”
e4“both the ethanolic extract 250-1 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration and water extract 250-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration promoted growth of the seedling in height”
Claim · model-written summary
Water extract (250-4 000 μg·mL-1) increased root length of M.officinalis seedlings and promoted seedling height.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americanaPhytolacca americanat0
- Treatment
- water extracte3
- Interactor
- M.officinalisMelilotus officinalise3other
- Outcome
- root lengthe3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- promoted growth of the seedling in heighte4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytolacca americana”
e3“The ethanolic extract 250-500 μg·mL-1 in concentration and the water extract 250-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration increased root length of M.officinalis seedlings”
e4“both the ethanolic extract 250-1 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration and water extract 250-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration promoted growth of the seedling in height”
Claim · model-written summary
Water extract (500 μg·mL-1) significantly increased dry weight of M.officinalis seedlings.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americanaPhytolacca americanat0
- Treatment
- water extracte5
- Interactor
- M.officinalisMelilotus officinalise3other
- Outcome
- dry weighte5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- highest promotion rates being 21.32%,37.89%,12.94%,32.07%,and 18.81%,respectivelye5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytolacca americana”
e5“the water extract 500 μg·mL-1 in concentration increased significantly dry weight of the seedlings, with the highest promotion rates being 21.32%,37.89%,12.94%,32.07%,and 18.81%,respectively”
e3“The ethanolic extract 250-500 μg·mL-1 in concentration and the water extract 250-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration increased root length of M.officinalis seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract (1 000-4 000 μg·mL-1) inhibited root growth of B.pekinensis and, at 2 000-4 000 μg·mL-1, seedling height.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americanaPhytolacca americanat0
- Treatment
- ethanolic extracte6
- Interactor
- B.pekinensisBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise6other
- Outcome
- growth of B.pekinensis roots in lengthe6
- Direction
- inhibitede6
- Qualifier
- 2 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration did the plants in heighte7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytolacca americana”
e6“The ethanolic extract 1 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration and the water extract 4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration both inhibited growth of B.pekinensis roots in length”
e7“both the ethanolic and water extracts 2 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration did the plants in height,and the water extract 4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration did seedling dry weight of the plant,too,with the highest inhibition rates being 37.00%,20.95%,25.63%,22.30%,and 13.67%,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Water extract inhibited root length of B.pekinensis (4 000 μg·mL-1), seedling height (2 000-4 000 μg·mL-1) and dry weight (4 000 μg·mL-1).
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americanaPhytolacca americanat0
- Treatment
- water extracte6
- Interactor
- B.pekinensisBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise6other
- Outcome
- growth of B.pekinensis roots in lengthe6
- Direction
- inhibitede6
- Qualifier
- seedling dry weight of the plante7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytolacca americana”
e6“The ethanolic extract 1 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration and the water extract 4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration both inhibited growth of B.pekinensis roots in length”
e7“both the ethanolic and water extracts 2 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration did the plants in height,and the water extract 4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration did seedling dry weight of the plant,too,with the highest inhibition rates being 37.00%,20.95%,25.63%,22.30%,and 13.67%,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Water extract (250-1 000 μg·mL-1) significantly promoted root length of P.virginica seedlings; water extract (250-4 000 μg·mL-1) promoted seedling height.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americanaPhytolacca americanat0
- Treatment
- water extracte0
- Interactor
- P.virginicaPlantago virginicae0other
- Outcome
- seedling root lengthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- seedling heighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytolacca americana”
e0“The water extract 250-1 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration significantly promoted seedling root length of P.virginica, and 250-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration it did seedling height, too”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract (1 000-4 000 μg·mL-1) significantly inhibited root length of P.virginica, highest inhibition 58.06%.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americanaPhytolacca americanat0
- Treatment
- ethanolic extracte7
- Interactor
- P.virginicaPlantago virginicae0other
- Outcome
- growth of its root in lengthe7
- Direction
- inhibitede7
- Value
- 58.06%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytolacca americana”
e0“The water extract 250-1 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration significantly promoted seedling root length of P.virginica, and 250-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration it did seedling height, too”
e7“the ethanolic extract 1 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration significantly inhibited growth of its root in length,and 4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration it did seedling height and dry weight of the seedlings, with the highest inhibition rates being 58.06%,29.72%,and 18.36%,respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanolic extract (4 000 μg·mL-1) inhibited seedling height and dry weight of P.virginica.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americanaPhytolacca americanat0
- Treatment
- ethanolic extracte7
- Interactor
- P.virginicaPlantago virginicae0other
- Outcome
- seedling height and dry weight of the seedlingse7
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede7
- Qualifier
- highest inhibition rates being 58.06%,29.72%,and 18.36%,respectivelye7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytolacca americana”
e0“The water extract 250-1 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration significantly promoted seedling root length of P.virginica, and 250-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration it did seedling height, too”
e7“the ethanolic extract 1 000-4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration significantly inhibited growth of its root in length,and 4 000 μg·mL-1 in concentration it did seedling height and dry weight of the seedlings, with the highest inhibition rates being 58.06%,29.72%,and 18.36%,respectively”