Abstract
The Chittering strain of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) infects solanaceous crops and wild plants in the subtropical Gascoyne Horticultural District of Western Australia. Classical PSTVd indicator hosts tomato cultivar Rutgers (R) and potato cultivar Russet Burbank (RB) and currently widely grown tomato cultivars Petula (P) and Swanson (S) and potato cultivars Nadine (N) and Atlantic (A) were inoculated with this strain to study its pathogenicity, quantify fruit or tuber yield losses, and establish whether tomato strains might threaten potato production. In potato foliage, infection caused spindly stems, an upright growth habit, leaves with ruffled margins and reduced size, and upward rolling and twisting of terminal leaflets (RB, A, and N); axillary shoot proliferation (A); severe plant stunting (N and RB); and necrotic spotting of petioles and stems (RB). Tubers from infected plants were tiny (N) or small and "spindle shaped" with (A) or without (RB) cracking. Potato foliage dry weight biomass was decreased by 30 to 44% in A and RB and 37% in N, whereas tuber yield was diminished by 50 to 89% in A, 69 to 71% in RB, and 90% in N. In tomato foliage, infection caused epinasty and rugosity in apical leaves, leaf chlorosis, and plant stunting (S, P, and N); cupped leaves (S and P); and reduced leaf size, flower abortion, and necrosis of midribs, petioles, and stems (R). Mean tomato fruit size was greatly decreased in all three cultivars. Tomato foliage dry weight biomass was diminished by 40 to 53% (P), 42% (S), and 37 to 51% (R). Tomato fruit yield was decreased by 60 to 76% (P), 52% (S), and 64 to 89% (R), respectively. Thus, the tomato strain studied was highly pathogenic to classical indicator and representative current tomato and potato cultivars, causing major losses in fruit and tuber yields. Tomato PSTVd strains, therefore, pose a threat to tomato and potato industries worldwide.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Infected potato cultivars showed foliage symptoms.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosume0 - Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroid
Potato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen - Outcome
- spindly stems, an upright growth habit, leaves with ruffled margins and reduced size, and upward rolling and twisting of terminal leafletse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In potato foliage, infection caused spindly stems, an upright growth habit, leaves with ruffled margins and reduced size, and upward rolling and twisting of terminal leaflets (RB, A, and N)”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection caused axillary shoot proliferation in Atlantic.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Ae0
- Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- axillary shoot proliferatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“axillary shoot proliferation (A)”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
t0“Potato and Tomato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection severely stunted Nadine and Russet Burbank.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- severe plant stuntinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“severe plant stunting (N and RB)”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
t0“Potato and Tomato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection caused petiole and stem necrotic spots in Russet Burbank.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- RBe0
- Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- necrotic spotting of petioles and stemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“necrotic spotting of petioles and stems (RB)”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
t0“Potato and Tomato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected Nadine produced tiny tubers.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Ne0
- Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- tinye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tubers from infected plants were tiny (N)”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
t0“Potato and Tomato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected Atlantic produced small spindle-shaped tubers with cracking.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Ae0
- Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- small and "spindle shaped"e0
- Qualifier
- crackinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“small and "spindle shaped" with (A) or without (RB) cracking”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
t0“Potato and Tomato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Potato foliage dry biomass fell 30–44% in Atlantic and Russet Burbank.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- decreasede0
- Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- foliage dry weight biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 30 to 44%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potato foliage dry weight biomass was decreased by 30 to 44% in A and RB”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Potato foliage dry biomass fell 37% in Nadine.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Ne0
- Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- Potatot0
- Value
- 37%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“37% in N”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
t0“Potato and Tomato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Tuber yield fell 50–89% in Atlantic.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Ae0
- Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- tuber yielde0
- Direction
- diminishede0
- Value
- 50 to 89%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tuber yield was diminished by 50 to 89% in A”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
t0“Potato and Tomato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Tuber yield fell 69–71% in Russet Burbank.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- RBe0
- Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- Potatot0
- Value
- 69 to 71%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“69 to 71% in RB”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
t0“Potato and Tomato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Tuber yield fell 90% in Nadine.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- Ne0
- Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- Potatot0
- Value
- 90%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“90% in N”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
t0“Potato and Tomato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected tomato foliage showed leaf symptoms and stunting.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- epinasty and rugosity in apical leaves, leaf chlorosis, and plant stuntinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In tomato foliage, infection caused epinasty and rugosity in apical leaves, leaf chlorosis, and plant stunting (S, P, and N)”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected Swanson and Petula had cupped leaves.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- cupped leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cupped leaves (S and P)”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
t0“Potato and Tomato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected Rutgers showed smaller leaves, flower abortion and tissue necrosis.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Re0
- Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- reduced leaf size, flower abortion, and necrosis of midribs, petioles, and stemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced leaf size, flower abortion, and necrosis of midribs, petioles, and stems (R)”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
t0“Potato and Tomato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean fruit size decreased greatly in all three tomato cultivars.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- fruit sizee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean tomato fruit size was greatly decreased in all three cultivars”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato foliage biomass fell 40–53% in Petula.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Pe0
- Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- foliage dry weight biomasse0
- Direction
- diminishede0
- Value
- 40 to 53%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato foliage dry weight biomass was diminished by 40 to 53% (P)”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato foliage biomass fell 42% in Swanson.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Se0
- Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- Tomatot0
- Value
- 42%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“42% (S)”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
t0“Potato and Tomato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato foliage biomass fell 37–51% in Rutgers.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Re0
- Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- Tomatot0
- Value
- 37 to 51%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“37 to 51% (R)”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
t0“Potato and Tomato Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato fruit yield fell 60–76% in Petula and 52% in Swanson.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 60 to 76%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato fruit yield was decreased by 60 to 76% (P), 52% (S)”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato fruit yield fell 64–89% in Rutgers.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Re0
- Interactor
- potato spindle tuber viroidPotato spindle tuber viroide1pathogen
- Outcome
- Tomatot0
- Value
- 64 to 89%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“64 to 89% (R)”
e1“potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)”
t0“Potato and Tomato Cultivars”